Basic research is performed without thought of practical ends. We have been living on our fat. "US Congresswoman Anna Eshoo, "Vannevar Bushs influential text, Science, the Endless Frontier, laid out a roadmap for a whole new relationship between science, technology, and the federal government. . Holt considers how scientists should think of their obligation to society and what the public should demand from science, and he calls for a renewed understanding of sciences value for democracy and society at large.A touchstone for concerned citizens, scientists, and policymakers, Science, the Endless Frontier endures as a passionate articulation of the power and potential ofscience. This report presents conclusions and recommendations based upon the studies of these committees which appear in full as the appendices. "Robert Cook-Deegan, Arizona State University, "With this visionary report, Science: The Endless Frontier, Vannevar Bush transformed US research policy and set our nation on a path of economic expansion and world scientific leadership. From October 6 - November 10, 2022. . Some small enterprises never receive any of the benefits. Science, The Endless Frontier is generally recognized as the iconic text of U.S. science policy. A desktop computer app that allows PDF reading is currently under development. These uncertainties are, in part, attributable to the difficulties and expense incident to the operation of the patent system as it presently exists. The traditional sources of support for medical research, largely endowment income, foundation grants, and private donations, are diminishing, and there is no immediate prospect of a change in this trend. Further, we cannot expect industry adequately to fill the gap. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in making the case that scientific progress is necessary to a nation's health, security, and prosperity. There is thus an accumulating deficit of trained research personnel which will continue for many years. Clearly the program should grow in a healthy manner from modest beginnings. We think it much the best plan, in this constitutional Republic, that opportunity be held out to all kinds and conditions of men whereby they can better themselves. It is chiefly in these institutions that scientists may work in an atmosphere which is relatively free from the adverse pressure of convention, prejudice, or commercial necessity. Without scientific progress the national health would deteriorate; without scientific progress we could not hope for improvement in our standard of living or for an increased number of jobs for our citizens; and without scientific progress we could not have maintained our liberties against tyranny. It is inhibited by conventional approaches, traditions, and standards. To support international cooperation in science by providing financial aid for international meetings, associations of scientific societies, and scientific research programs organized on an international basis. Such ravaging diseases as yellow fever, dysentery, typhus, tetanus, pneumonia, and meningitis have been all but conquered by penicillin and the sulfa drugs, the insecticide DDT, better vaccines, and improved hygenic measures. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. The responsibility for the creation of new scientific knowledge rests on that small body of men and women who understand the fundamental laws of nature and are skilled in the techniques of scientific research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. This is highly desirable in order that there may be no interruption in the relations between scientists and military men after the emergency wartime Office of Scientific Research and Development goes out of existence. Such an agency, moreover, should be an independent agency devoted to the support of scientific research and advanced scientific education alone. Government Relations to Science -- Past and Future. 2. S.P., 4.5 x 3.25 in. Science, the endless frontier; : a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research,, by Vannevar Bush, director. To satisfy these considerations I recommend the establishment of a Board, made up equally of scientists and military men, whose function would be to pass upon the declassification and to control the release for publication of scientific information which is now classified. The Endless Frontier Act was initially presented Senators Chuck Schumer (D-NY) and Todd Young (R-IN) by Under . "By proceeding from point to point and taking stock on the way, by giving further opportunity to those who show themselves worthy of further opportunity, by giving the most opportunity to those who show themselves continually developing -- this is the way we propose. (3) The agency should promote research through contracts or grants to organizations outside the Federal Government. "We think we probably would not, even if we were all-wise and all-knowing, write you a plan whereby you would be assured of scientific leadership at one stroke. - 1. The Government has only begun to utilize science in the nation's welfare. During the past 25 years there has been a great increase in industrial research involving the application of scientific knowledge to a multitude of practical purposes - thus providing new products, new industries, new investment opportunities, and millions of jobs. This is the American way; this is the way the United States has become what it is. These institutions are uniquely qualified by tradition and by their special characteristics to carry on basic research. Clearly, the new agency, including a civilian military research group within it, can remain sufficiently flexible to adapt its operations to whatever may be the final organization of the military departments. Among the young men and women qualified to take up scientific work, since 1940 there have been few students over 18, except some in medicine and engineering in Army and Navy programs and a few 4-F's, who have followed an integrated scientific course of studies. 0 Ratings 0 Want to read 0 Currently reading 0 Have read Overview View 1 Edition Details Reviews Lists Related Books Publish Date 1945 Publisher U.S. Govt. I believe that, as a permanent measure, it would be appropriate to add to the agency needed to perform the other functions recommended in this report the responsibilities for civilian-initiated and civilian-controlled military research. (2) The agency to administer such funds should be composed of citizens selected only on the basis of their interest in and capacity to promote the work of the agency. with a new quantitative metric the CD index12 that characterizes how papers and patents change networks of citations in science and technology. Businessmen would thus be able to make more use of research than they now do. Phone: +44 1993 814500 With the exception of those men engaged in war research, all physically fit students at graduate level have been taken into the armed forces. Technology and Public Purpose Project Study Group. Together, Bush and Holt give us a roadmap for US science today. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. Much of the scientific research done by Government agencies is intermediate in character between the two types of work commonly referred to as basic and applied research. To insure continued preparedness along farsighted technical lines, the research scientists of the country must be called upon to continue in peacetime some substantial portion of those types of contribution to national security which they have made so effectively during the stress of the present war * * *. In recent decades, Chinese researchers have become preeminent contributors to the scientific enterprise, as reflected by the number of publications originating from Chinese research institutions. To review and balance the financial requirements of the several Divisions and to propose to the President the annual estimate for the funds required by each Division. The Members should elect their own chairman annually. The Federal Government should accept new responsibilities for promoting the creation of new scientific knowledge and the development of scientific talent in our youth. Download PDF Download All Download JPEG 2000 Download Text. Science, the Endless Frontier V. Bush Published 18 December 1999 Political Science, Economics Science, the Endless Frontier View via Publisher Save to Library Create Alert 1,023 Citations Particle physics in public: legitimising curiosity-driven research on the Higgs boson and beyond Chih-Wei Yeh Physics 2019 Highly Influenced Statistically it is certain that important and highly useful discoveries will result from some fraction of the undertakings in basic science; but the results of any one particular investigation cannot be predicted with accuracy. In normal times, in view of the restrictive statutory prohibitions against dual interests on the part of Government officials, it would be virtually impossible to persuade persons having private employment of any kind to serve the Government in an official capacity. The country may be proud of the fact that 95 percent of boys and girls of the fifth grade age are enrolled in school, but the drop in enrollment after the fifth grade is less satisfying. This is the American way: a man works for what he gets.". Scientific progress. Operating agencies have immediate operating goals and are under constant pressure to produce in a tangible way, for that is the test of their value. Research within the Government represents an important part of our total research activity and needs to be strengthened and expanded after the war. But nowhere in the Governmental structure receiving its funds from Congress is there an agency adapted to supplementing the support of basic research in the universities, both in medicine and the natural sciences; adapted to supporting research on new weapons for both Services; or adapted to administering a program of science scholarships and fellowships. EPUB or PDF. It cannot be satisfactorily conducted in an atmosphere where it is gauged and tested by operating or production standards. E-Book Overview. Learn more about ebooks and audio from Princeton University Press. What we often forget are the millions of pay envelopes on a peacetime Saturday night which are filled because new products and new industries have provided jobs for countless Americans. National Science Foundation, 2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, USA Tel: (703) 292-5111, FIRS: (800) 877-8339 | TDD: (800) 281-8749, National Science Foundation - Where Discoveries Begin, Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE), Environmental Research and Education (ERE), International Science and Engineering (OISE), Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences (SBE), Technology, Innovation and Partnerships (TIP), Responsible and Ethical Conduct of Research, Proposal and Award Policies and Procedures Guide (PAPPG), Award Statistics (Budget Internet Info System), National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU), Proposal & Award Policies Procedures Guide (PAPPG). The function of applied research is to provide such complete answers. RENEWAL OF OUR SCIENTIFIC TALENT These uncertainties arise from lack of clarity of the tax law as to the proper treatment of such costs. Use code FLASH at checkout. It is also clear that the effective discharge of these responsibilities will require the full attention of some over-all agency devoted to that purpose. The possibility of an endless frontier is a consequence of an idea known as emergence. He understands what the place of science in our democratic society has beenand what it should be. Although these frontiers have more or less disappeared, the frontier of science remains. The Members should serve without compensation but should be entitled to their expenses incurred in the performance of their duties. There should be no obligation on the research institution to patent discoveries made as a result of support from the Foundation. To obtain and utilize the services of other Government agencies to the extent that such agencies are prepared to render such services. This should be corrected by building up the weaker institutions, especially in regions which now have no strong medical research activities. Any extension of medical facilities must be accompanied by an expanded program of medical training and research. Although there are some notable exceptions, most research conducted within governmental laboratories is of an applied nature. Malaria has been controlled. But we must proceed with caution in carrying over the methods which work in wartime to the very different conditions of peace. There is no body within the Government charged with formulating or executing a national science policy. Callon, M. 1986. The Endless Frontier: The Next 75 Years in Science The National Academy of Sciences hosted a symposium on February 26, 2020, that gathered top business, academic, and government leaders to explore whether the modern research architecture that fuels U.S. innovation needs to be reconfigured to meet the challenges of our time. To date, with the exception of the intensive war research conducted by the Office of Scientific Research and Development, such support has been meager and intermittent. Pub Date: 1945 Bibcode: 1945sef..bookB Keywords: Science and state; Research; research is the exploration of the unknown and is necessarily speculative. These are the best estimates available. New products and new processes do not appear full-grown. "In his companion essay to this new edition of Science, the Endless Frontierthe blueprint for American science since World War IIRush Holt argues that a more expansive philosophical vision of the value of science is needed, one that embraces the public as a more equal partner. Interestingly, this . When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. More elaborate and expensive equipment is required, supplies are more costly, and the wages of assistants are higher. * * * Science cannot live by and unto itself alone. These private sources should continue to carry their share of the financial burden. (4) Support of basic research in the public and private colleges, universities, and research institutes must leave the internal control of policy, personnel, and the method and scope of the research to the institutions themselves. IV. These responsibilities are the proper concern of the government, for they vitally affect health . Many of the lessons learned in the war-time application of science under Government can be profitably applied in peace. There are brains and character, strength and health, happiness and spiritual vitality, interest and motivation, and no one knows what else, that must needs enter into this supra-mathematical calculus. "Audra J. Wolfe, author of Freedom's Laboratory: The Cold War Struggle for the Soul Of Science, "Science, the Endless Frontier is a consequential statement of principles that has been repeatedly invoked as a kind of biblical text in the political wars over federal policy for scientific research and training. Beijing 100016, P.R. PUB L I C. VA L U E. SCIE NCE SCIE NCE. The recommendations in this report which relate to research within the Government, to the release of scientific information, to clarification of the tax laws, and to the recovery and development of our scientific talent now in uniform can be implemented by action within the existing structure of the Government. Citation; Raw Data; Library.Link Network; Borrow it Toggle Dropdown. Our population increased from 75 million to 130 million between 1900 and 1940. The amount which can be effectively spent in the first year should not exceed 5 million dollars. Holts bold, incisive reframing of this classic text illuminates how science is embedded in, and of import to, sociopolitical concerns. Universities may forgo the focus on quantity, and more strongly reward research quality 56 , and perhaps more fully subsidize year-long sabbaticals. The reduction in death rate from diseases of childhood has shifted the emphasis to the middle and old age groups, particularly to the malignant diseases and the degenerative processes prominent in later life. By. One of our hopes is that after the war there will be full employment, and that the production of goods and services will serve to raise our standard of living. Biddle Law Library The . Meanwhile, research costs have steadily risen. There must be a stream of new scientific knowledge to turn the wheels of private and public enterprise. Division of Scientific Personnel and Education. It's one thing to have equations describing the way a single molecule of water behaves. CHAPTER 6. The Resource Science, the endless frontier : A report to the President, by Vannevar Bush, director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Military preparedness requires a permanent independent, civilian-controlled organization, having close liaison with the Army and Navy, but with funds directly from Congress and with the clear power to initiate military research which will supplement and strengthen that carried on directly under the control of the Army and Navy. It is the special province of the medical schools and universities to foster medical research in this way -- a duty which cannot be shifted to government agencies, industrial organizations, or to any other institutions. During the same period expenditures for scientific research in the colleges and universities increased from $20,000,000 to $31,000,000, while those in the endowed research institutes declined from $5,200,000 to $4,500,000. On the wisdom with which we bring science to bear against the problems of the coming years depends in large measure our future as a nation. Like troops, the scientists have been mobilized, and thrown into action to serve their country in time of emergency. Science and the great practical genius of this nation made this achievement possible. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and governments responsibility to support scientific endeavors. Rush Holt offers incisive reflections on Bushs blind spots and bold plan, making this the definitive edition for our era.Angela N. H. Creager, Princeton University, "Vannevar Bushs Science, the Endless Frontier had an immense influence on the development of US science and technology as forces for public good. Steps should be taken to reduce that handicap. The terms of the Members should be, say, 4 years, and no Member should be eligible for immediate reappointment provided he has served a full 4-year term. They are the wellsprings of knowledge and understanding. Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. (2010). Government action in respect to this subject will affect the rate of technical progress in industry. Today, advances in public health, shared prosperity, and scientific understanding are more important than ever. The extent of this contribution in turn depends on the creative spirit and talent which can be brought to bear within a research laboratory. The time has come when such support should be extended to other fields. The most important single factor in scientific and technical work is the quality of the personnel employed. International Exchange of Scientific Information. Industry learned many years ago that basic research cannot often be fruitfully conducted as an adjunct to or a subdivision of an operating agency or department. This has always been true and is likely to remain so. It has been basic United States policy that Government should foster the opening of new frontiers. Whereas in 1930 they were six times as large as the research expenditures of the colleges, universities, and research institutes, by 1940 they were nearly ten times as large. This is particularly so since the measure of a successful research contract lies not in the dollar cost but in the qualitative and quantitative contribution which is made to our knowledge. Many had begun their studies before they went to war. July 1945 Creator United States, Office of Scientific Research and Development Contributor Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974 Language eng Work Publication Washington, National Science Foundation, 1960 Extent Approximately 7 million persons in the United States are mentally ill; more than one-third of the hospital beds are occupied by such persons, at a cost of $175 million a year. "David Kaiser, author of Quantum Legacies: Dispatches from an Uncertain World, "Rush Holt introduces Science, the Endless Frontier to a whole new audience, and shows us why we all should be reading Vannevar Bushs landmark report. We can no longer count on ravaged Europe as a source of fundamental knowledge. The chairman of each Division should be appointed by the Members of the Foundation. We must remove the rigid controls which we have had to impose, and recover freedom of inquiry and that healthy competitive scientific spirit so necessary for expansion of the frontiers of scientific knowledge. Appropriations should be earmarked for the purposes of specific Divisions, but the Foundation should be left discretion with respect to the expenditure of each Division's funds. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in . the science: the endless frontiers report consists of six parts, which are: part one-introduction, includes scientific progress is essential; part two - the war on disease; part thre -science and the public welfare; part four-renewal of our scientific talent; part five-a problem of scientific reconversion; part six-the means to the end. Satisfactory progress in basic science seldom occurs under conditions prevailing in the normal industrial laboratory. Where will these new products come from? Plans for release of such information should be coordinated with our allies to minimize danger of international friction which would result from sporadic uncontrolled release. In the decade from 1930 to 1940 expenditures for industrial research increased from $116,000,000 to $240,000,000 and those for scientific research in Government rose from $24,000,000 to $69,000,000. This general knowledge provides the means of answering a large number of important practical problems, though it may not give a complete specific answer to any one of them. It is estimated that an adequate program for Federal support of basic research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes and for financing important applied research in the public interest, will cost about 10 million dollars at the outset and may rise to about 50 million dollars annually when fully underway at the end of perhaps 5 years. Freedom of inquiry must be preserved under any plan for Government support of science in accordance with the Five Fundamentals listed on page 26. There must be plenty of men and women trained in science and technology for upon them depend both the creation of new knowledge and its application to practical purposes. However, the job of long-range research involving application of the newest scientific discoveries to military needs should be the responsibility of those civilian scientists in the universities and in industry who are best trained to discharge it thoroughly and successfully. Legislation on this point should leave to the Members of the Foundation discretion as to its patent policy in order that patent arrangements may be adjusted as circumstances and the public interest require. Other examples can be cited in which medical progress has been similarly advanced. Others with capacity for scientific education went to war after finishing high school. For many years the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has supplemented the work of the Army and Navy by conducting basic research on the problems of flight. To permit the release of information by one agency and to continue to restrict it elsewhere would be unfair in its effect and would tend to impair the morale and efficiency of scientists who have submerged individual interests in the controls and restrictions of war. To enter into contracts with or make grants to educational and nonprofit research institutions for support of scientific research. "Ernest J. Moniz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and former US Secretary of Energy. After a program is under way perhaps 20 million dollars a year can be spent effectively. To adopt, promulgate, amend, and rescind rules and regulations to carry out the provisions of the legislation and the policies and practices of the Foundation. The Secretaries of War and Navy recently stated in a joint letter to the National Academy of Sciences: This war emphasizes three facts of supreme importance to national security: (1) Powerful new tactics of defense and offense are developed around new weapons created by scientific and engineering research; (2) the competitive time element in developing those weapons and tactics may be decisive; (3) war is increasingly total war, in which the armed services must be supplemented by active participation of every element of civilian population. We could not suggest to you a program which would syphon into science and technology a disproportionately large share of the nation's highest abilities, without doing harm to the nation, nor, indeed, without crippling science. . International exchange of scientific information is of growing importance. 5. Organization. 1 Citations. Division of Publications and Scientific Collaboration. It can be effective in the national welfare only as a member of a team, whether the conditions be peace or war. It opened the seas to clipper ships and furnished land for pioneers. We think it very important that circumstances be such that there be no ceilings, other than ability itself, to intellectual ambition. Oxford OX2 6JX Discovery of new therapeutic agents and methods usually results from basic studies in medicine and the underlying sciences. It should be competent to advise the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. The usual controls of audits, reports, budgeting, and the like, should, of course, apply to the administrative and fiscal operations of the Foundation, subject, however, to such adjustments in procedure as are necessary to meet the special requirements of research. But in the present state of knowledge a plan cannot be made which will select, and assist, only those young men and women who will give the top future leadership to science. In the case of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, arrangements have been made for the preparation of manuscripts, while the staffs under our control are still assembled and in possession of the records, as soon as the pressure for production of results for this war has begun to relax. The rewards of such exploration both for the Nation and the individual are great. We find that papers and patents are . Maintaining liaison with other scientific research agencies, both governmental and private, concerned with the work of the Division. Two of those limitations are especially worthy of our attention. The following very rough estimates are given for the first year of operation after the Foundation is organized and operating, and for the fifth year of operation when it is expected that the operations would have reached a fairly stable level: The National Research Foundation herein proposed meets the urgent need of the days ahead. Ernest J. 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