[8] It is the Holy See that is the sovereign entity by international law headquartered in the distinctively independent Vatican City State, a city-state which forms a geographical enclave within the connurbation of Rome, established by the Lateran Treaty in 1929 between Italy and the Holy See to ensure its temporal and spiritual independence. Aca reportedly kissed the Pope's ring at the conclusion of their visit; some mistakenly thought the Pope was hearing Aca's confession. Indeed, it did not begin to appear in the pontifical yearbook until 1863. [69] During this period, the pope was effectively an ally of the Kingdom of France, alienating France's enemies, such as the Kingdom of England. When this grammar is neglected or upset, he said, the entire order of human and social relations suffers its wounds. [90], The pope was originally chosen by those senior clergymen resident in and near Rome. [8] All those named were archbishops, including six Italians and two Poles. [201] Even Catholics do not all agree whether certain historical figures were popes or antipopes. "pope, n.1". Briefly in the 15th century, three separate lines of popes claimed authenticity. In 2013, Pope Francis maintained the mitre that replaced the tiara, but omitted the pallium. The correct birth date was reported in the Italian press as early as March 2004[30] and printed in the Pontifical Yearbook presented to John Paul on 31 January 2005. Acclamation was the simplest procedure, consisting entirely of a voice vote. Gradually, episcopal sees were established in metropolitan areas. [citation needed], At the end of December 2006, Mario Scaramella, one of the main informers of senator Guzzanti, was arrested and charged, among other things, of defamation. The dean asks next, "By what name shall you be called?" He is not recognized as a valid pope, but was added to the lists of popes in the 15th century as Stephen II, causing difficulties in enumerating later popes named Stephen. Benedict XVI, who vacated the Holy See on 28 February 2013, was the most recent to do so since Gregory XII's resignation in 1415.[115]. [citation needed] However, when Aca published his memoirs in 2013, his story changed completely,[41] writing that the Iranian government and Ayatollah Khomeini ordered the assassination attempt on John Paul II. To support their vital mission in society , the Pope further remarked that we don't have to wait for families to be perfect: Marriage and family", he said, "will always be imperfect and unfinished until we are in Heaven. [102][103], Until 1978, the pope's election was followed in a few days by the papal coronation, which started with a procession with great pomp and circumstance from the Sistine Chapel to St. Peter's Basilica, with the newly elected pope borne in the sedia gestatoria. For bishops are preachers of the faith, who lead new disciples to Christ, and they are authentic teachers, that is, teachers endowed with the authority of Christ, who preach to the people committed to them the faith they must believe and put into practice, and by the light of the Holy Spirit illustrate that faith. In 1207, Innocent III placed England under interdict until King John made his kingdom a fiefdom to the Pope, complete with yearly tribute, saying, "we offer and freely yieldto our lord Pope Innocent III and his catholic successors, the whole kingdom of England and the whole kingdom of Ireland with all their rights and appurtenences for the remission of our sins". before the ordinal numeral, as in "Benedictus PP. [citation needed] However, [12] Aca was released from prison on 18 January 2010, after almost 29 years behind bars.[13]. Pope John Paul II is a 1984 American biopic drama television film based on the life of Karol Wojtya, from his early days as an activist in Poland to his installation as Pope John Paul II. One of the most common reasons for holding this belief is the idea that the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, and especially the reform of the Tridentine Mass with the Mass of Paul VI, are heretical and that those responsible for initiating and maintaining these changes are heretics and not true popes. [125], This title "vicar of Christ" is thus not used of the pope alone and has been used of all bishops since the early centuries. [72], Protestant Reformers criticized the papacy as corrupt and characterized the pope as the antichrist. Some popes used the term and others did not. Later books of ceremonies describe the pope as wearing a red mantle, mozzetta, camauro and shoes, and a white cassock and stockings. There are 35 instances of the use of this term in the Vulgate: Annuario Pontificio 2008 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Examples are "Francesco" in the frontispiece of the 2013, Compare the portrait reproduced in the article on Pius V with those in the articles on his immediate predecessors, Denzinger 30733075 (old numbering, 18391840), "Therefore, on the basis of a renewed study of the pertinent Scriptures we reaffirm the statement of the Lutheran Confessions, that 'the Pope is the very Antichrist'" from, Annuario Pontificio 2012 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012, Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, Ethiopian Orthodox Patriarchate of Ethiopia, Eritrean Orthodox Patriarchate of Eritrea, Conflict between the Emperor and the papacy, Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church, History of the Catholic Church since 1962, Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State, Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See, Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia), Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See, Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See, Coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City, Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City, Santa Maria della Piet in Camposanto dei Teutonici, Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes, Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs, tradition that reached back into the eleventh century, Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, Pope and Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Orthodox and Apostolic Throne of Saint Mark the Evangelist and Holy Apostle, Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa, disassociated themselves from the Catholic Church, "American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language", "Rome, Patriarchate of | Encyclopedia.com", "Christ's Faithful Hierarchy, Laity, Consecrated Life: The episcopal college and its head, the pope", "In Biden's visit with the pope, a page from Reagan's playbook? Three cardinals are chosen by lot to collect the votes of absent cardinal electors (by reason of illness), three are chosen by lot to count the votes, and three are chosen by lot to review the count of the votes. [48], In the early Christian era, Rome and a few other cities had claims on the leadership of worldwide Church. standing for "papa pontifex" ("pope and pontiff"). Habemus Papam! Ma anche il Vaticano non sta tanto bene", "Vatican Corrects Cardinal's Date of Birth", John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, John Paul II International Airport KrakwBalice, John Paul II Center for the New Evangelization, John Paul II Foundation for Research and Treatment, Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyski, Have No Fear: The Life of Pope John Paul II, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardinals_created_by_John_Paul_II&oldid=1107213906, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2018, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Born Karol Jzef Wojtya, 18 May 1920 2 April 2005, This page was last edited on 28 August 2022, at 20:02. "[1] They wrote that this project was "at once enhanced and hindered by this. [7] Finney had initially declined the role upon first reading the script,[5] as he felt playing the role of someone so high-profile would be unnerving, but after re-reading the script, he accepted. John Paul II's body was clothed in the familiar white soutane, over which was placed a plain white alb.A stole, the symbol of ordained ministry, was placed around his neck.Over the inner vestments, John Paul II was clothed in a red chasuble.An ancient Byzantine custom, red is the colour of mourning for Popes. His consistories in 1985, 1994, and 2003 were among the largest ever. Thus, for example, if a pope's reign commenced on 1 August and he died on 2 August, this would count as having reigned for two calendar days. The current cardinal vicar is Angelo De Donatis, who was appointed to the office in June 2017. The family of a certain papal official made and unmade popes for fifty years. The pope's seals are defaced, to keep them from ever being used again, and his personal apartment is sealed. [33] St. Ignatius of Antioch wrote shortly after Clement; in his letter from the city of Smyrna to the Romans he said he would not command them as Peter and Paul did. Nonetheless he was released on parole on 12 January 2006. [11] John Paul granted a dispensation from the requirement that all cardinals be bishops to Henri de Lubac, the first such dispensation since Pope John XXIII established the rule in 1962. In this schism, the papacy had returned to Rome from Avignon, but an antipope was installed in Avignon, as if to extend the papacy there. However, this should be differentiated from the words used for the head of the Catholic Church (Bulgarian "" papa, Russian " " papa rimskiy). Various Antipopes challenged papal authority, especially during the Western Schism (13781417). During the "sede vacante" period, the College of Cardinals is collectively responsible for the government of the Church and of the Vatican itself, under the direction of the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church; however, canon law specifically forbids the cardinals from introducing any innovation in the government of the Church during the vacancy of the Holy See. Aca: In the 1980s, certain Vatican supporters believed that I was the new messiah and to free me they organised all the intrigue about Emanuela Orlandi and the other incidents they won't reveal. On 13 May 1981, in St. Peter's Square in Vatican City, Pope John Paul II was shot and wounded by Mehmet Ali Aca while he was entering the square. Alexandria had been a center of Jewish learning and became a center of Christian learning. Balloting continues until someone is elected by a two-thirds majority. National Geographic Society. [23] It increased the number of cardinals eligible to vote in a papal election to 135, despite the maximum of 120 set by Pope Paul VI in 1975 and reiterated by John Paul II in 1996; he said in each of his announcements that he was setting aside this limit. He fled the scene as the crowd was in shock and disposed of the pistol by throwing it under a truck, but was grabbed by Vatican security chief Camillo Cibin,[7] a nun, and several spectators who prevented him from firing more shots or escaping, and he was arrested. In 1979 The New York Times reported that Agca, whom it called "the self-confessed killer of an Istanbul newspaperman" (Abdi peki, editor of the Turkish newspaper Milliyet), had described the Pope as "the masked leader of the crusades" and threatened to shoot him if he did not cancel his planned visit to Turkey,[2] which went ahead in late November 1979. [169], We, adhering faithfully to the tradition received from the beginning of the Christian faith, to the glory of God, our Saviour, the elevation of the Catholic religion and the salvation of Christian peoples, with the approbation of the sacred Council, teach and explain that the dogma has been divinely revealed: that the Roman Pontiff, when he speaks ex cathedra, that is, when carrying out the duty of the pastor and teacher of all Christians by his supreme apostolic authority he defines a doctrine of faith or morals to be held by the universal Church, through the divine assistance promised him in blessed Peter, operates with that infallibility with which the divine Redeemer wished that His church be instructed in defining doctrine on faith and morals; and so such definitions of the Roman Pontiff from himself, but not from the consensus of the Church, are unalterable. [56], In 380, the Edict of Thessalonica declared Nicene Christianity to be the state religion of the empire, with the name "Catholic Christians" reserved for those who accepted that faith. [15], On 29 May 1991, John Paul announced he would create 22 cardinals at a consistory on 28 June and revealed the name of one he had created in pectore in 1979, Ignatius Kung Pin-mei. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website.

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