In particular, the laser-induced modification can be well-tuned by changing the laser processing parameters, including laser fluence, pulse number, pulse duration, and polarization, which can achieve properties improvement across multiple length scales, from nanoscale to microscale. fabricated a novel bioresponsive film with dual micro-structured geometries using femtosecond direct perforation of flexible polymer thin film [60], as shown in Figure 2(f). Vibrational excitation, tuneable over a large spectral range with adjustable spectral resolution, was achieved by spectral selection with dichroic mirrors and linear chirping by glass elements. Nat Commun 5(5228) https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6228, Lombardi A, Demetriadou A, Weller L et al (2016) Anomalous spectral shift of near- and far-field plasmonic resonances in nanogaps. A generalised expression for dominant terms in resonant CARS is given by the following [51, 119]: where R is the half width at half maximum for the Raman line [51]; AR is a constant representing the Raman scattering cross-section. Only wave vector exists and interferes with incident beam . However longer wavelength (near-IR) Raman spectroscopy requires side-mode suppression ratios within a few hundreds of pm from the main peak. J Biomed Opt 16:021118 https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3516591, Lee HJ, Cheng J-X (2017) Imaging chemistry inside living cells by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Vieira et al. Raman scattering of light by molecules was first predicted using classical quantum theory by Smekal in 1923 [2] and experimentally observed by Raman and Krishnan in 1928 [3, 4]. Song, E. Li et al., Rapid prototyping of three-dimensional microfluidic mixers in glass by femtosecond laser direct writing,, L. Qin, Y. Huang, F. Xia et al., 5 nm nanogap electrodes and arrays by super-resolution laser lithography,, Z. Lin, L. Ji, and M. Hong, Enhancement of femtosecond laser-induced surface ablation via temporal overlapping double-pulse irradiation,, R. Zhou, S. Lin, Y. Ding, H. Yang, K. Ong Yong Keng, and M. Hong, Enhancement of laser ablation via interacting spatial double-pulse effect,, L. W. Chen, Y. Zhou, Y. Li, and M. Hong, Microsphere enhanced optical imaging and patterning: from physics to applications,, G. X. Wu and M. Hong, Optical nano-imaging via microsphere compound lenses working in non-contact mode,. Often, only very few sites exhibit the highest SERS enhancement and the variability in size and shape can alter the plasmonic properties from the desired LSPR [85]. Here we capture the perspectives of 17 leading groups and organize the contributions into four categories: ultrafast molecular dynamics, multidimensional x-ray spectroscopies; high-intensity x-ray phenomena; attosecond x-ray science. g , is not large compared to The CARS signal is monodirectional due to the phase-matching condition [120]. This means the grating strength can be used to set the bandwidth. e ii and iii reproduced from Ref. B: At. California Privacy Statement, T reported a one-step and environmentally friendly strategy to create flexible metal coating polymer film for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection using femtosecond LIPAA [83], as shown in Figure 3(b). 1 [4] Kikuchi K. Fundamentals of coherent optical fiber communications [J]. Google Scholar, Smekal A (1923) Zur quantentheorie der dispersion. 6b ii) shows three distinct clusters of principle components. In Stokes Raman scattering, the initial (ro-)vibrational energy |i of the scattering material is less than that of the final state |f, the scattered light has less energy than the pump light. Mol. Background-free imaging of the MLV with superior contrast with respect to conventional CARS is shown in Fig. In summary, the LIPSS strategy is a feasible way to create large area periodic nanostructures with high efficiency and uniformity. A molecular mathematical model of glucose mobilization and uptake. This is because the process is based on chemical bond breaking during the laser irradiation of photoresist polymer materials. The peak reflection ( The surface reflectivity measurement reveals that this coloring effect is primarily due to periodic nanostructures being formed and functioned as diffraction gratings, while the surface color intensity is tuned by the morphology of periodic microstructures. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. c iii The new OAM mode electric field components at z = 3.5mm in x- and y-directions (top and bottom, respectively). Instrumentation and Control Transducers and industrial instrumentation Analytical and optical instrumentation Electronic instrumentation and measurements Control systems and process control Electronics Analog electronics Digital electronics Microprocessor and microcontroller Signals and Communication System Signal and systems Communications Fundamentals of network analysis and synthesis. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering is an ultrasensitive Raman technique that has enabled the detection of trace amounts of molecular species in samples that would otherwise be undetectable in spontaneous- or coherent Raman scattering techniques. ii, iv Raman mapping image of sample (i) and (iii), respectively. Proc SPIE 6324:63240K63240K9. For films of four of more layers, the \( {E}_{2g}^1 \) and A1g modes converge on the bulk values. Sun, On-chip laser processing for the development of multifunctional microfluidic chips,, H. Wang, Y. L. Zhang, D. D. Han, W. Wang, and H. B. For the direction of LIPSS structures, Bonse et al. It describes non-relativistic ionization rates of hydrogen-like atoms subjected to strong laser fields within the dipole approximation and the length gauge. Strategies based on MPA, STED, LIPSS, and incubation effect can fabricate structures with sub-50nm feature size on different materials including polymers (Resin, Photoresist, and SU-8), dielectric materials (SiO2 and TiO2), and semiconductor materials (Si and ZnO). With the fine controlling of laser fluence, the feature sizes of LIPSS can be well-tuned and the number of periodic nanostructures can be reduced to only a single nanogroove [132135]. The successive on-chip TPP strategy that allows programmable integration of multiform materials into complex 3D microfabrication is universal, without limitation to the SU-8 and bovine serum albumin system. , given as. There are certain modules which are compulsory for everyone (Language and Aptitude Modules), whereas others are optional. The principle components were designated according to their Raman spectra. Nat Photonics 8:627634 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.145, Cheng J, Volkmer A, Book LD, Xie XS (2001) An epi-detected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (E-CARS) microscope with high spectral resolution and high sensitivity. During the test, you will be given an option to select any two domain specific modules. In molecules and crystals, the charge distribution has an equilibrium state to which it tends. In combination with the advanced manufacturing tools, including atomic force microscope (AFM), near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM), and microsphere, the smallest feature size can be lower than 30nm, depending on the near-field effect. The resonance states yield dissociative potential curves which, when considered together with their widths, provide input for models of different electron-cation collision processes including dissociative recombination, and rotational and vibrational excitation. 51 032003. In materials without inversion symmetry, (ro-)vibrational mode transition can be both Raman and optically active [1, 108]. B: At. ) the bandwidth depends on the grating strength, and not the grating length. MRS Bull 38:615624 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2013.161, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Liz-Marzn LM (2012) Traps and cages for universal SERS detection. Nano Lett 9:346352 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl8031444, Lefrancois S, Fu D, Holtom GR et al (2012) Fiber four-wave mixing source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. The Raman effect originates from the inelastic scattering of light, and it can directly probe vibration/rotational-vibration states in molecules and materials. Offering both a comprehensive introduction to the field and an extensive overview of the current state of the art, Several methods have been developed to suppress the nonresonant background associated with CARS. The spatial resolution in TERS is comparable to the size of the metallic nanostructure at the tip apex [86]. blue shifted), the process is referred to as anti-Stokes Raman scattering. proposed that the inner chemical reactivity of YAG crystals could be locally changed in nanoscale, and dense ~110nm nanopores can be created using femtosecond laser-induced multiphoton absorption [50], as shown in Figure 2(c). Recently, however, ODwyer et al. Incremental improvements to this resolution have been reported [104, 158]. Front Office Organization Basics of FO Hotel organization Tariff Structure Front office Activities/Operations Introduction to guest cycle/guest handling Reservations Room selling techniques Guest safety and security, special requests Front Office Accounting Planning and Evaluating FO Operations Accounting fundamentals. dB loss due to the type and length of fiber optic cable. f Reprinted by permission from [219]. Figure 8b i shows a topography image of a MWCNT with a diameter of ~175nm measured by the Al-tapered tip. Experimental considerations are discussed, and examples of Raman spectroscopy instrumentation setups are presented. The Stokes Raman signal for molecules is more intense than the anti-Stokes signal as the population of energy states is governed by thermal statistics [1, 108]. Nano Lett 6:26302636 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl061666f, Bailo E, Deckert V (2008) Tip-enhanced Raman scattering. Communication Analog Communication Digital Communication Optics Microwave Engineering Microwave engineering Transmission lines and waveguides Antennas and wave propagation Radar Electromagnetism Electrostatics Magnetostatics Electromagnetic theory. This topical review introduces the theoretical and experimental advances in continuous-variable (CV)i.e. As shown in Figure 6(b), using the Talbot effect, Lim et al. J Opt Soc Am B 29:15411550 https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.29.001541, Bioud F-Z, Gasecka P, Ferrand P et al (2014) Structure of molecular packing probed by polarization-resolved nonlinear four-wave mixing and coherent anti-Stokes Raman-scattering microscopy. [221] were the first to use SERS to enhance the Raman scattering signal of previously undetectable secondary organic aerosol particles on Ag nanoparticle-coated quartz substrates. c Reprinted with permission from [96]. The corresponding Raman mapping image is shown in Fig. obtained microstructures with high aspect ratio and few cracks on sapphire surfaces by using 800nm femtosecond LIPAA and following direct laser ablation [82]. Planning and Development Capacity Planning Resources Planning Layout planning Process selection Project planning Supply Chain Management Statistical Quality Control Control Chart Sampling Operating Characteristic Curve Basics of Quality Management Quality Management Product Design and Development Sourcing and Purchasing Logistics and Warehousing Inventory Management. Elsevier/North Holland Amsterdam, pp 5171, Aggarwal S, Yurlova L, Simons M (2011) Central nervous system myelin: structure, synthesis and assembly. Figure 7b ii and iii show the zeroth and second-order \( {m}_{\overline{F}} \)-value image of the same MLV as in Fig. Mathematical Biosciences. ), and The Raman light is analysed by a spectrometer and a CCD. It indicates the LIPSS formation using multiple laser beams overlapping is complicated and required to be further exploration. Accounting Managers, Corporate Controllers, Chief Financial Officers, Treasurers and Finance Officers, Cash Managers, Management Consultants. c Typical SERS setup. a Simultaneous two-colour CARS imaging with real-time nonresonant background subtraction from a mouse tissue sample at a surface depth of 45m. Since the required feature size of nanostructures for chip manufacturing become increasingly smaller, it is a big challenge for the traditional lithography to create large area ~10nm structures at an acceptable cost. [46] have shown that SRS in nonlinear optical media with Kerr nonlinearity (e.g. J Phys Chem B 108:827840 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp035693v, Evans CL, Potma EO, Xie XS (2004) Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectral interferometry: determination of the real and imaginary components of nonlinear susceptibility (3) for vibrational microscopy. Furthermore, optical regulations such as STED and double-beam irradiation are both attractive and regarded as potential strategies to reduce the feature resolution to sub-10nm. As well as being sensitive to strain, the Bragg wavelength is also sensitive to temperature. ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS III. These are the reflectivity, the bandwidth, and the side-lobe strength. glass). J Phys Chem Lett 7:22642269 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00986, Verma P (2017) Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: technique and recent advances. For example, in 1974, Fleischmann et al. This review presents the technological infrastructure that will be available at the Extreme Light Infrastructure Attosecond Light Pulse Source (ELI-ALPS) international facility. The pump is a Gaussian laser polarised at 45. Even diamond, with Mons hardness scale of 10, can be processed [73]. The nonresonant background causes distinctive distortions of CARS spectra in comparison with spontaneous Raman spectra and has prevented CARS from becoming a widespread technique [120]. Importantly, light collected for detection requires filtering to block the laser wavelength. SERS is particularly interesting since it allows an enhancement of several orders of magnitude of the Raman signal by modifying the surface upon which an analyte material is to be placed. For a grating that reflects at 1,500nm, the grating period is 500nm, using a refractive index of 1.5. J Phys Chem B 108:12961301 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp030903p, Dufresne ER, Corwin EI, Greenblatt NA et al (2003) Flow and fracture in drying nanoparticle suspensions. There are, however, three properties that need to be controlled in a FBG. Due to the time of ablation processing being ultrashort, the femtosecond laser ablation can be considered a direct solid-vapor (or solid plasma) transition.

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