It is therefore difficult to demonstrate saturation. However, there are clearly areas for improvement. Theoretical saturation is more than data saturation, and is a relative and problematic concept (which should be acknowledged; Low, 2019). A variety of techniques and procedures were used in the articles that did include some assessment of the final grounded theory. We argue that, other qualitative researchers might be similarly specific about their procedures, In this paper 2 We address three related methodological issues. the grounded theory produced as a result of using GTM). Juliet Corbin, a former student who became a long-time collaborator with Strauss, made significant contributions to Straussian GTM. 0000000016 00000 n hb```9@(1I b u-2/b^Xb-NSjT:R Thus, articles that reported some GTM techniques but did not claim the use of GTM as a methodology were excluded. Whereas there is some benefit in associating each variant with a philosophical position, the philosophical underpinnings of GTM are more nuanced than simple classification. Constructivist Grounded Theory, Grounded Theory, Theoretical Framework . A total of 35 articles that made claims regarding the use of GTM as a methodology were retained. The sophisticated positioning of theoretical sensitivity was sometimes lacking in the studies we reviewed. Indeed, the emergence of the second-generation of grounded theory methodologists reflects the dynamic evolution of the methodology (Morse et al., 2009, 2021). Therefore, as approaches to GTM have become more flexible over time, so too has the rigid or strict alignment of a variant with a philosophical perspective. For example, Weed (2017) described the Glaserian approach as realist-positivist, the Straussian approach as realist-interpretivist, and Charmazs approach as constructivist-interpretivist. <>stream What is the purpose of a grounded theory research design? Grounded theory (GT) is a structured, yet flexible methodology. This methodology is appropriate when little is known about a phenomenon; the aim being to produce or construct an explanatory theory that uncovers a process inherent to the substantive area of inquiry. For example, Ralph et al. Initial coding, focused coding, concepts, Specifically addressed theoretical sensitivity and reported use of existing literature to affirm only partial understanding of talent development and career transitions in female soccer and develop initial questions and ideas for theoretical sampling (, Open coding, axial coding, theoretical integration, memos, diagramming (, Partial literature review following by later literature review (, line-by-line coding, focus coding. and memo writing (, Claimed that first authors previous work with participants allowed for greater sensitivity of the research team to the theoretical relevance of the emerging concepts (, Open coding, axial coding, selective coding, concepts, and memos (, Theoretical concepts reported a priori, use of memos and creation of model a priori to ensure sensitivity and theoretical thinking (, Built on existing models of life skills and used existing theories and models as sensitizing concepts (, Open coding, axial coding, theoretical integration, memos, diagrams (, Guided by an operational definition of emotional abuse (, Open coding, axial coding, selective coding (, Previous research used to inform interview guide (, A priori literature review provided the authors of the current study with the theoretical sensitivity needed prior to beginning data collection and analysis (, Discussed influence of researcher on research process and reported the researcher need not enter the research process with an empty head but rather with knowledge of the area that increases rather than compromises theoretical sensitivity (, Line-by-line coding, generation of action codes, focused coding, formulation of theoretical meanings, memos (, Theoretical concepts used to frame study a priori. Have you provided an explanation of the theory? Regardless, the failure to report a philosophical perspective underpinning the use of GTM speaks to problems with methodological congruence. Misconceptions in the use of GTM included using the methodology solely as a data analysis tool and treating data collection and data analysis as separate phases of the research process (i.e. Grounded theory is a suitable research methodology to develop theory for three reasons. How. Using the criteria noted earlier, information was extracted from the articles and placed into tables. In using a set of characteristics to define properties of GTM, we are entering what Charmaz (2006) described as ambiguous terrain (p. 180). endobj Furthermore, the sophisticated positioning of theoretical sensitivity was sometimes lacking in the articles. Consider including a diagram or explanation of the various stages of data collection and analysis, depicting how and when additional theoretical sampling was needed. Theoretical sampling was not used/reported in 12 articles and unclear in one article. Situates research in broader theories (, Open coding, focused codes, memos (pp. endobj C K T O T H E TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S. Rather than an engagement in philosophical discussion or a debate of the different genres that can be used in grounded theory, this article illustrates how a Consider providing a diagram or figure representing the theory. 0000182608 00000 n For instance, as analysis generates new ideas and insights, researchers may need to sample new people and settings in order to advance theoretical saturation. hb```Rv^e`0pL&[IOP?T43j953ewd))]w xf0`` a|c<7a~H KUilx c oRS}pNhsQ!Xb+%UG,/;H (2015) noted that some scholars do not view GTM as a fixed total methodology but rather a set of principles that can be tailored to different ends. Helen Noble,1 Gary Mitchell2 Introduction Grounded theory (GT) is a research method concerned with the generation of theory,1 which is grounded in Given that one of the primary reasons for using GTM is to create a theory, it therefore seems important that researchers have a grasp of the nature of theory. Similarly, Holt and Tamminen (2010a) reported that the absence of theoretical sampling was a major constraint of the GTM articles included in their review. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. More concerning was that theoretical saturation was not addressed in 13 articles, which is problematic from a theory-building perspective. Purposeful sampling can be a starting point, but theoretical sampling is a cornerstone of GTM. joint coding and analysis to generate theory systematically), which became one of the key features of GTM. `G,m^u Omli and LaVoi (2012) referred to line-by-line coding and grouping of themes rather than specific GTM techniques. hmk8>^zRHrp $} .wkZgl)h4Fe Holt & Tamminen, 2010a; Weed, 2009). What is it? "Grounded theory refers to a set of systematic inductive methods for conducting qualitative research aimed toward theory development. The term grounded theory denotes dual referents: (a) a method consisting of flexible methodological strategies and (b) the products of this type of inquiry. Open coding, focussed coding, memos, conceptual mapping (pp. :q`AzU~/j'^kn0rD0:F4"6Zll. Alternatively, it may be that authors assumed the selection of a particular variant comes with an inherent philosophical perspective. The guidelines are: (a) strive to achieve methodological self-consciousness (i.e. lgPH003`$Pa_J/2s2}e:ti7&)3`7%Cemy3are|c-+#k & Corbin and Strauss (2015) advised that the core abstract concept (identified via analysis) summarizes in a word or two what the theory is all about and provides a means for integrating the other concepts. As you will come to understand, 01-Birks_Mills-4134-Ch-01.indd 1 20/09/2010 7:25:56 PM. World Futures: Journal of Global Education 62, 7, 481-490.) Cathy Charmaz also contributed to the development of GTM with her variant of constructivist grounded theory (e.g. How, should the usual scientific canons be redefined for qualitative research in social, science? A post-positivist was reported in two articles and critical realism was reported in two articles. doi:; In terms of theory development, most of the reviewed articles described a process of concept identification but failed to demonstrate the progression to more focused or interpretive analytic procedures. Corbin & Strauss, 2015) more strongly endorses the reflexive role of the researcher and soften[s] the application of technical procedures as outlined in previous editions of the Strauss and Corbin method (Timonen et al., 2018, p. 3). Nonetheless, key areas for improvement are theoretical sampling, theoretical saturation, assessment of the grounded theory, and the sophisticated positioning of theoretical sensitivity. Theoretical sensitivity, while difficult to capture, should be explicitly addressed. It appears that more methodologically complete GTM studies are now being published in the sport psychology literature. Glaser (1978, 1992) continued to argue against conducting a literature review, suggesting that using existing theory early in the research process may lead to the premature application of preconceived ideas to data (also see Glaser & Holton, 2004). )=##HXV7'+W#O trailer Show theoretical sensitivity throughout the method (e.g. Our review was predicated on previous commentaries on the use of GTM in sport and exercise psychology. endobj Have you selected a specific variant of GTM? In order to extract data, we searched each manuscript for examples of the reporting of techniques and procedures (rather than assessing how well the techniques and procedures had been applied). endstream endobj startxref -EqH6`i!81Ld8}u|JjpG Ec?WC] uBU6Ofivt^W0H/$ -K H\j0z In broad terms, GTMs are systematic and flexible approaches for collecting and analysing qualitative data in order to construct theories that are grounded in the data (Charmaz, 2006; Corbin & Strauss, 2015). There are also differences between the primary variants in terms of their approaches to coding. A further two articles reported a combined interpretive and constructivist approach. The contents of the further considerations column we offer are intended to be ideas for moving beyond the application of basic principles and provide insights on how to produce more complete GTM articles that go beyond merely checking the boxes on a checklist. Of the 32 articles that presented a grounded theory, 22 included attempts to assess the grounded theory. The assessment of the grounded theory should be addressed. Within these articles, discussions of theoretical saturation were not particularly sophisticated; it was often limited to a statement regarding saturation supplemented with, occasionally, a short explanation of how it was achieved. They drew on Bryant (2017) to remind researchers that methodological statements need to be presented, treated, and understood as heuristics and not algorithms (p. 60). <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 2 0 R/Type/Page>> Modified Grounded Theory. Thus, the fact that all but two of the included articles reported an iterative process is a strength of the literature. 0000010410 00000 n 30 0 obj Although several studies did not meet our full list of criteria, as the following discussion of their techniques and procedures will show, there appears to be more methodological completeness in the literature now compared to the results of previous reviews of GTM (i.e. 68 0 obj his claim that there was not a cadre of sport and exercise psychology researchers interested in GTM), others were even more prevalent (e.g. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Webgrounded theory) provides clear guidelines for the reflexive and cyclic research processes, which assists early-career researchers, and allows codes to be created from the data, 0 All screened articles were checked by another team member. In this paper, we use the term GTM to refer to the methodology and reserve the term grounded theory to refer to the theory produced using GTM. To provide some context for our paper, we focus on three primary variants of GTM: the Glaserian approach, the Straussian approach, and Charmazs constructivist approach. We were thrilled to be invited to contribute to this special issue of the International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 0000011866 00000 n 7MpS)n Eight articles reported the use of a pragmatic philosophical approach. For example, if a study refereed to theoretical sampling, it was coded as having addressed this procedure. We suggest that sport psychology researchers could articulate theoretical sensitivity in a more sophisticated manner in their studies. HWr++pY'p00 (+z6OvAdee6kO^Fo^OOyyNo2%vz{i|w/.7I>et.uvmw:MvUl.g`/:1-6?g>RY)=GgVCyp}3>{xm7B-;qI}MfNlMw,uC,u[S(pTh`}}fp!z83$TR8K0t1R:F\!K)d <> Charmaz (2006) agreed with the idea of avoiding the imposition of pre-existing theory to data, but argued it was not possible to approach a study without preconceived ideas. We also acknowledge that other scholars view GTM as more methodologically dynamic. We also acknowledge that our review essentially involves applying a checklist to report the presence of GTM techniques and procedures rather than evaluating the quality of their application and and the knowledge created. 99 /K"[6 As a result, several research methods are often employed, and MGT is introduced as an effective approach. Charmaz & Belgrave, 2013; Timonen et al., 2018) have argued that these texts had objectivist underpinnings, based on an understanding that there is an objective, external reality which can be discovered by the researcher. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Symbolic interactionism underpinned this study. endstream endobj 287 0 obj<> endobj 288 0 obj<>stream 0000007091 00000 n Constant comparison is intertwined with the iterative process, driving and driven by theoretical sampling. Furthermore, whereas Glasers approach has been largely constant, Straussian grounded theory has changed considerably over time (Corbin & Strauss, 2015; Strauss, 1987; Strauss & Corbin, 1990, 1994, 1998). The term grounded theory has been used to refer both to the methodology and the resulting theory arising from studies that employed the methodology; it is both the process and the product (Holt, 2016). Our intent is to show how this can be done and to challenge other qualitative. Theoretical sampling is critical and GTM should move beyond purposeful sampling. Glaser and Strauss (1967) argued that researchers lose theoretical sensitivity when they adopt a pet theory (p. 46) that is, one specific preconceived theory too early in the research process. 453 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[431 43]/Info 430 0 R/Length 110/Prev 587674/Root 432 0 R/Size 474/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. In lieu of a numerical summary, we characterized the different ways in which theoretical sensitivity was addressed. Twenty-two of the 35 articles met all, or all but one, of the criteria. Reported using a journal to record ideas provoked by data (, Yes blended methodologies (grounded theory and narrative) (, Study builds on primary data from previous research (, Focused coding, axial coding, memos, diagrams (systems map), cross-case analysis (. The aim of using GTM is typically to produce a theoretical framework that may explain how and why people, organizations, or communities experience and respond to events, challenges, or problematic situations (Corbin & Holt, 2011). 0 She suggested that positivists approach theory as a statement of relationships between abstract concepts, whereas interpretivists emphasize understanding rather than explanation. Some scholars (e.g. In the first application of this new approach, Glaser and Anselm Strauss (1965) published Awareness of Dying, a study of death and dying in Californian hospitals. Cartigny et al., 2019; Elliott et al., 2020; Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Roy-Davis et al., 2017; Russell et al., 2020; Whitley et al., 2018). %PDF-1.5 % RP!!@^e?sP#VM1m?)~-~Um^>sbD;!Pe%0rB[uF/|3*@nDV-Qj?b? We then provide guidelines for future best practices, informed by the results of our rapid review and drawing upon previously published methodological advice. Of the 35 included articles (Table 1), 11 articles addressed all the criteria for using GTM as a total methodology (Cartigny et al., 2019; Cruickshank et al., 2015; Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Gledhill & Harwood, 2015; Karageorghis et al., 2018; Kendellen & Camir, 2019; Oliver et al., 2020; Pierce et al., 2016; Roy-Davis et al., 2017; Staff et al., 2020; Whitley et al., 2018) and 11 articles addressed all but one of the criteria (Battaglia et al., 2021; Collins & Durand-Bush, 2019; Cruickshank et al., 2014; Elliott et al., 2020; Evans et al., 2013; Groom et al., 2011; Knight & Holt, 2014; Massey et al., 2013; Russell et al., 2020; Tamminen & Holt, 2012; Thrower et al., 2016). Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. This is a risk because, in the absence of methodological congruence, qualitative research can be sloppy and unscientific (Mayan, 2009, p. 17). Theory, Positivism, Hermeneutics, Pragmatism. Corbin and Strauss (2015) make only one mention of theoretical sensitivity (p. 89), which is actually a reference to Glasers (1978) list of 18 coding families. Second, grounded theorys central aim is theory building, rather than theory testing. endobj Theoretical saturation is an abstract and relative concept; complete saturation is likely not possible, and the grounded theory can be more or less saturated. endobj Some professional and personal notes on research methods, systems theory and grounded action. Researchers must fulfill various institutional requirements such as writing detailed research proposals, scholarship applications, and gaining research ethics board approvals and therefore it is necessary to engage with the extant literature to justify a study (Conlon et al., 2015; Foley & Timonen, 2015). A total of 35 GTM articles were retained for analysis (see Figure 1). He concluded that researchers had failed to embrace GTM as a total methodology, suggesting that only two of the 12 included studies met sufficient conditions to be considered GTM. %%EOF 13, No. 0 67 0 obj Over time, Glaser and Strauss began to dispute various aspects of the methodology as Strauss started to develop his own techniques and ways of thinking about data. PDF | Babchuk, W.A. For instance, Timonen et al. Charmaz (2006) noted that theory can be defined from a variety of perspectives. Since Strauss passed away in 1996, Corbin has refined and expanded the Straussian approach (e.g. Interview guide based on an extensive review of relevant research (, Reported using a conditional/consequential matrix, which encouraged theoretical sensitivity, with exploration between macro and micro themes that had emerged from the data analysis (, initial coding then conceptualized emerging themes into categories, memos, conditional/consequential matrix (, Literature provided a loose framework for initial interview guides (, Focus coding, development of theoretical categories, memos, diagrams (pp.

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