This term is used to classify a large number of books that were not recognized by the Christian churches of the first centuries as part of Sacred Scripture. The Apocrypha are still regarded as part of the canon of the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, and as such, their number is fixed. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the word has had varying definitions over the years. Apocrypha would be the biblical books obtained by the ancient church as part of this Greek version of the Old Testament, but not contained in the Hebrew Bible, being excluded by the non-Hellenistic Jews in their canon. Keep this in mind when reading the following apocryphal books. One of the apocryphal books of the New Testament that is well known is the Gospel of Thomas. In the category of acts stands out the acts of Paul. Chap.7:25-27. Under Sarchedonus (Esarhaddon) he returned again to his home, but soon a new misfortune overtook him. The angel goes to Rages and brings the ten talents and Gabael himself to the wedding feast; the wedded pair return in safety to Tobit with the silver, and also the half of Raguel's goods, which Sara receives as her wedding portion. The fifth book of Maccabees exists only in Arabic. And being but one she can do all things; and remaining in herself [unchanged] she makes all things new. 26. Keil assigns it to about the middle of the second century B.C. It is addressed to the nine and a half tribes, and "made up of commonplaces of warning, encouragement, and exhortation." Its author is believed to have been an Alexandrine Jew, but his age cannot be determined. The Apocrypha/Deuterocanonicals were written during the era between the Old and New Testaments, as well as additions to the books of Esther and Daniel. For example, the Book of Wisdom describes the soul as good but the body as bad, "a weight upon the soul" (Wisdom 9:15), and the Book of Tobit says that people can be saved by giving alms (Tobit 12:9). The Arabic and Ethiopic are thought to represent the primitive text more correctly than the Latin: as they want the two introductory and closing chapters of the latter, which are generally admitted to be spurious additions by a later hand; and contain, on the contrary, a long passage after chap.7:35, which is not found in the Latin, and is thought to be genuine. But its spuriousness is generally admitted. In its religious aspect this book is very interesting. In the epistles there are the epistle of Barnabas, the epistle to the Corinthians to Paul and the epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians. Among the historical writings are 1 and 2 Maccabees and 1 and 2 . 6. Both sides tend to cite the same verses that warn against adding or subtracting from the Bible: Revelation 22:18. the apocryphal books of the old testament are thirteen in total, they are the following: 1 and 2 esdras, tobit, judith, additions to esther, the wisdom of solomon, book of ecclesiasticus or wisdom of sirach, baruch, additions to daniel (susanna -chapter 13-, the prayer of azariah and song of the three holy children), the prayer of manasseh, and The Catholic Church adopted these teachings from the Apocrypha. It is known that the most popular Bible at the time of Jesus was the Greek Septuagint version - which includes these extra books. While many Catholics accepted the Apocrypha earlier, the Roman Catholic Church officially added the Apocrypha to their Bible at the Council of Trent in the mid 1500's A.D., primarily in response to the Protestant Reformation. This is one of the most important of all the apocryphal books. These books are considered Scripture by the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, but not by Protestant denominations. Their standing in Christian use was ambiguous. Tobit a book of the Apocrypha relating this story Judith the heroine of one of the books of the Apocrypha, who saved her native town by decapitating Holofernes 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Ecclesiasticus one of the books of the Apocrypha, written around 180 bc and also called the Wisdom of Jesus, the son of . Chap.4:6, 8; 15:8. How the term Apocrypha, hidden, became associated with the idea of spurious or anonymous is doubtful. Many of these revelations are made through the medium of symbols. The design of the book is to excite the people to faith and courage in their severe conflicts with foreign persecutors; but its morality is of a very questionable character. With this it connects a warning against the folly of unbelieving men who rebel against the law, oppress the righteous, and thus bring upon themselves just punishment, distraction, and everlasting shame. Chap.2:24. 13. Some assign it to the first century after Christ; others to the century preceding our Lord's advent, but with interpolations that manifestly belong to the Christian era. 20. The New American Standard Bible is a literal translation from the original texts, well suited to study because of its accurate rendering of the source texts. As he lay one night by the wall of his courtyard, being unclean from the burial of a Jew whom his son had found strangled in the market-place, "the sparrows muted warm dung" into his eyes, which deprived him of sight. .css-tadcwa:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}Philip Kosloski - @media screen and (max-width: 767px){.css-1xovt06 .date-separator{display:none;}.css-1xovt06 .date-updated{display:block;width:100%;}}published on 10/13/19. These books are known as the apocrypha books of the Bible, they were removed from the Bible by the Protestant Church in the 1800's. What is included in the apocrypha? This collection of wise maxims, moral precepts, and rules of life constitutes a united whole, in which the particular proverbs, counsels, and warnings are strung together in accordance with an association of ideas that is often quite loose. The Apocryphal Books of the New Testament are very varied, and are distributed in four categories: gospels, acts, epistles and apocalypses. But the age of the translator, and consequently of the author, is a matter of dispute. THE SUPER GOSPEL in Spanish, Russian, Afrikaan, German, Arabic, Hindi or Japanese, The Secret Book of James Part 1~ Apocryphile1970 & InHISWord2, The Secret Book of James Part 2~ Apocryphile1970 & InHISWord2, Gospel of Thomas ~ Part 1 Overview with Robert Ferrell~ Apocryphile1970 & InHISWord2, Gospel of Thomas ~ Part 2 Overview with Robert Ferrell~ Apocryphile1970 & InHISWord2, Gospel of Thomas ~ Part 3 Overview with Robert Ferrell~ Apocryphile1970 & InHISWord2, Gospel of Thomas ~ Part 4 Overview with Robert Ferrell~ Apocryphile1970 & InHISWord2, Gospel of Thomas ~ Part 5 Overview with Robert Ferrell~ Apocryphile1970 & InHISWord2, Gospel of Thomas ~ Part 6 Overview with Robert Ferrell~ Apocryphile1970 & InHISWord2, Gospel of Thomas ~ Part 7 Overview with Robert Ferrell~ Apocryphile1970 & InHISWord2, Interview with Apocryphile1970~&~InHISWord2. In its general scope the book has a resemblance to that of Job. While in the apocalypses we have the apocalypse of Peter and the apocalypse of Paul. Bible > Apocrypha. Judith, its heroine, while she adheres with great punctiliousness to the Mosaic ritual, does not scruple to employ hypocrisy and falsehood that she may prepare the way for assassination, being evidently persuaded that in the service of the covenant people the end sanctifies the means. The truth is that if we were to go by what is written rather than what men have said, we would have had a great many more Scriptures to draw upon than we do now. The ground of their rejection is well stated by Josephus (Against Apion 1, 8), namely, that from the time of Artaxerxes, Xerxes' son (Artaxerxes Longimanus, under whom Ezra led forth his colony, Ezra 7:1, 8), "the exact succession of the prophets" was wanting. 9. The OT apocryphal books were written in between the end of the OT and the beginning of the NT and were not considered canonical by the Jews of Jesus's own time . $12.97 $ 12. "She is the breath of the power of God, and a pure efflux from the glory of the Almighty; therefore nothing defiled can find entrance into her. 4. The Greek text, as exhibited in manuscripts, is in a very corrupt and confused state, with many variations and transpositions. But when he speaks of God's almighty hand as having "created the world out of formless matter" (chap.11:17), he may have reference simply to the chaotic state described in Gen.1:2. That the Jews reject these Jewish documents as Scripture is a strong indication that they don't belong in our Bible. The Apocrypha/Deuterocanonicals were written primarily in the time between the Old and New Testaments. Finally Tobias, by the angel's direction, anoints his father's eyes with the gall of the fish; whereupon he recovers his sight, and lives in honor and prosperity to a good old age. 4.2 out of 5 stars 25. "The author," says Keil, "was a pious Jew who lived at all events before Christ, though his age cannot be more accurately determined.". In the New Testament, on the contrary, the narratives involving the miraculous are characterized by a remarkable sobriety and chaste restraint." In the selection of Apocryphal books in PDF format, you can find those belonging to both the New and Old Testament. Maccabees. The common opinion of biblical scholars is that it was composed about 250-200 B.C. That is why early Church fathers . To name some of them, we find the gospel of Philip, the gospel of Thomas, the gospel of Marcion, the gospel of Judas and the gospel of Truth. Forgotten and Lost Books of the Bible, 1611 KJV Apocrypha and other lost scriptures Understand the language of parables of Christ by Robert Ferrell, Free MP3's, Free PDF's, and videos Each of these books is included in many Orthodox and Catholic Bibles between the Testaments. It is formed after the model of Jeremiah, and ascribed to Baruch his friend. The apocryphal writings are, almost without exception, marked by a lush growth of legend to satisfy a craving for the spectacular and the marvelous. Where Jason composed his work cannot be determined. The Catholic canon also includes sections of the Books of Esther and Daniel that are not found in Protestant Bibles. However, none of these texts were ever considered secret. The churches received the Scriptures of the Old Testament through the medium of the Alexandrine Greek version, which contained the apocryphal books. "If the historic order were observed, the so-called third book would come first, the fourth would be an appendix to the second, which would retain its place, and the first would come last; but it will be more convenient to examine the books in the order in which they are found in the MSS., which was probably decided by some vague tradition of their relative antiquity." Chaps.1-6. The Hebrew canon is made up of 22 books, which are the exact equivalent of the 39 books of our Old Testament. The Apocrypha was never in the Hebrew Canon. This book, like that of Wisdom, is of great value for the insight which it gives into the theology and ethics of the Jews at the time of its composition. The Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical Books are books of the Old Testament that are accepted by the Orthodox Christian Church but are not accepted by Protestants as part of its official canonical contents, but of close association with the Bible. The origin of the term has been variously explained; but the most common account of it is, that it comes from a Hebrew word signifying hammer, so that the adjective Maccabee (Greek [Greek: Makkabaios]) will denote Hammerer. The Apocrypha (Greek, "hidden books") are Jewish books from that period not preserved in the Tanakh, but included in the Latin (Vulgate) and Greek (Septuagint) Old Testaments. in Alexandria, Egypt. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page. They were never included in the Hebrew Old Testament. All of them were discarded because of their lack of apostolic authorship, and their contrariety in their writings. The titles and order of books in this edition are as follows: 1. According to Augustine, it was because the origin of these books was not clear to the church fathers. 12:37-38; 14: 45-46), although in current Christian usage it has the sense of "set aside" or "withdrawn" from full canonical status as Scripture. The first two in order of the apocryphal books in the English version bear the title of Esdras, that is, Ezra. But Jerome, who translated the Old Testament from the Hebrew, understood perfectly the distinction between the canonical and the apocryphal books. 2. THE NEW TESTAMENT DOESN'T REFER TO THE APOCRYPHA AS SCRIPTURE But the existing prayer of the Apocrypha, though upon the whole beautiful and appropriate, cannot claim to be a true representative of that prayer. Its author is supposed to have been a Hellenistic Jew who lived towards the end of the Maccabean period. 3. The Roman Catholic Council of Trent . The second of them abounds in marvellous legends -- how, upon the destruction of the first temple, the sacred fire of the altar was hid in a hollow pit without water; how, at the close of the captivity, it was found in the form of thick water, which being by the command of Nehemiah sprinkled on the wood of the altar and the sacrifices, there was kindled, when the sun shone upon it, a great fire, so that all men marvelled; how Jeremiah, at God's command, carried the tabernacle, the ark, and the altar of incense to the mountain "which Moses ascended and saw the heritage of God," that is, mount Nebo (Deut.34:1), and hid them there in a hollow cave, where they are to remain until the time that God shall gather his people together again, and be gracious to them. The Apocryphal books are rejected for a variety of reasons: 1. - All Of The Apocryphal Books Of The King James 1611 Version, Prayer of AZARIAH / SONG of the THREE JEWS, Pontius Pilate to Tiberius Caesar about Jesus, Teaching The Understanding Of The Parable. The Catholic Church has not always accepted the Apocrypha. The second is: The History of Susanna, who is exhibited as a pattern of chastity, and was delivered from the machinations of her enemies through the wisdom of Daniel. 15. 1. The different parts of the book constitute a well connected whole. As a result, the word holds different meaning depending on the group of Christians that use it. This book opens with two letters purporting to have been written by the Jews of Palestine to their brethren in Egypt, in which the former invite the latter to join with them in the celebration of "the feast of tabernacles in the month Caslen," that is, the feast of dedication established to commemorate the purification of the temple after its pollution by Antiochus Epiphanes. Smith's Bib. The Greek original has not thus far been found. The Truth About the Apocrypha and the Lost Books of the Bible. the Apocryphal Books into Latin. If you found this list useful, dont forget to share it in your social networks. . With this agrees its internal character; for the Greek version of it contains many Hebraisms, as well as difficulties which are readily accounted for upon the supposition of a Hebrew original. The modern Rabbinic Jewish canon excludes the deuterocanonical books. However, these books are shown with characteristics or names that make them look as if they were canonical books. The origin of these legends is unknown. But Josephus, as we have seen, clearly recognized their true character. The head of Holofernes was suspended from the wall of the city, and when the warriors within sallied forth, the besieging army fled in consternation. The fifteen Apocryphal books which the Roman Catholics have included in their Bibles, come from a collection of about eighteen or more books written during the Inter-testamental Period.This period of four hundred years began with God giving the last book of the Old Testament which was Malachi. Apocryphal books were not recognized as the word of God by their writers, Christ, nor the Apostles. The historic truth underlying this fabulous revelation seems to be the revision of the canon of the Old Testament by Ezra and his associates. But Sennacherib, the successor of Enemessar, persecuted him, especially for his pious care in burying the bodies of his Jewish brethren whom that king had slain, and he was obliged to flee with his wife Anna and his son Tobias, leaving all his goods as plunder to the Assyrian king. Two others are found in some manuscripts of the Septuagint. The Apocryphal books also teach some practices that are inconsistent with Scripture's teachings. It is agreed that this book is the production of a Jew, but the date of its composition is a disputed point. Paperback. and the time of Christ that is rejected by Protestants and officially accepted by the Roman Catholic Church in 1546 as being inspired. Neither Jesus Christ, nor any of the New Testament writers, ever quoted from the Apocrypha. In fact, no early or recent Jewish canon includes the Apocrypha. These two ideas are not part of Judaism. The canonical writings themselves do not limit themselves to the usage of the 24 books that were supposedly canonical at the time of the early Church. The history bears the internal marks of authenticity and credibility, being distinguished by simplicity and candor. Articles like these are sponsored free for every Catholic through the support of generous readers just like you. The Protestant Apocrypha contains three books (1 Esdras, 2 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh) that are accepted by many Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches as canonical, but are regarded as non-canonical by the Catholic Church and are therefore not included in modern Catholic Bibles. In the former case it is called the first book of Esdras, that is, Ezra; in the latter the third, Nehemiah being reckoned as the continuation of Ezra, and called the second book of Ezra. 22. The book of Tobit contains a narrative of the piety, misfortunes, and final prosperity of Tobit, an Israelite of the tribe of Naphtali, who was among the captives brought to Assyria by Enemessar (Shalmaneser) king of Assyria. The Protestant churches, on the other hand, unanimously adhered to the Hebrew canon, separating from this the apocryphal books as useful for reading, but of no authority in matters of faith. Protestants principally use the word to identify those books that are not included in their versions of the Bible. Brenton Septuagint Translation King James Bible World English Bible. 3. Apocryphal Books. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. With a Latin version finished the Church would have access to the material within, and could claim that they as the other 66 books of the Bible were Divinely Inspired. In English versions the Apocrypha are usually presented as fifteen separate books. The Second Book of Esdras (also known as Fourth Esdras) 3. In the seventh and last revelation, a voice addresses Ezra out of a bush, as it did Moses of old. But these are set forth with embellishments and exaggerations, in which the author manifests his love for the marvellous. The seven additional books included in Catholic Bibles are Tobit, Judith, 1 and 2 Maccabees, Wisdom, Sirach, and Baruch. The Apocryphal Books belonging to the New Testament comprise various gospels and the lives of the apostles. Philo also, as those who have examined the matter inform us, though acquainted with these books, never cites any one of them as of divine authority. Baruch. The Apocrypha is mentioned on the Biblical Timeline during this time period. 2 Esd. The fourteen Apocryphal books are: I Esdras (9 chapters) History of Israel from Josiah to the return from captivity. His design was to exhibit the liberality of Cyrus and Darius towards the Jews as a pattern for the heathen rulers of Judea in his own day. APOCRYPHA. FREE Shipping on orders over $25 shipped by Amazon. 7. Well, this was our collection of all the Apocryphal books in PDF format. The Alexandrine Jews, however, who were very loose in their ideas of the canon, incorporated them into their version of the Hebrew Scriptures. Smith's Bible Dict., Art. Apocrypha. Apocrypha means "hidden" and deuterocanonical mean "second canon". The author closes his instructions with two extended discourses, in the former of which he celebrates the works of God in creation (chaps.42:15-43:33); in the latter, the praises of the famous men of Scripture from Enoch to Simon the high priest, the son of Onias (chaps.44-50). At the Council of Hippo, A.D.393, at which he was present, the "ecclesiastical books," as the apocryphal books are called, were included in the catalogue of sacred books; and from that day to the time of the Reformation the extent of the Old Testament canon was regarded as an open question. Others believe it is valid and that it should never have been removed- that it was considered part of the Bible for nearly 2,000 years before it was recently removed a little more than 100 years ago. 14. The Inter-testamental period ended with the coming of Christ [] 8. While these books are not part of the Hebrew text that forms the canon for Judaism and Protestant Christianity, they are regarded as canonical by several Christian traditions. The word 'apocrypha' means 'hidden.' Others claim it wasn't removed by the church, but by printers to cut costs in distributing Bibles in the United States. It is undoubtedly genuine, having been written in Hebrew by the man whose name it bears, and translated into Greek in Egypt by his grandson, as stated in the prologue. The word Deuterocanonical comes from the Greek words Deutero and canona meaning "second canon." apocrypha, (from Greek apokryptein, "to hide away"), in biblical literature, works outside an accepted canon of scripture. It is generally agreed that the second part was originally written in Greek, and some think that the same is true of the first part also. The word apocrypha comes from the Greek adjective meaning obscure and from the verb which translates as to hide away. The book professes to be a letter written by Baruch in the name of the captive Jews in Babylon to their brethren at Jerusalem, and consists of two well-marked divisions, the first of which, extending to chap.3:8, is, in the opinion of some, a translation from an original Hebrew document. The book is a compilation made in Hebrew, by a Jew who lived after the destruction of Jerusalem, from ancient Hebrew memoirs or chronicles, which were written shortly after the events transpired. To the latter of these is appended an epitome of the five books of Jason of Cyrene, containing the history of the Maccabean struggle, beginning with Heliodorus' attempt to plunder the temple, about B.C.180, and ending with the victory of Judas Maccabeus over Nicanor, B.C.161. The same distinction is made by Rufinus, the contemporary and antagonist of Jerome. Apocrypha Books Here is the list of all the missing 16 books: I Esdras II Esdras Tobit Judith Additions to Esther The Wisdom of Solomon Ecclesiasticus Baruch with the letter of Jeremiah The prayer of Azariah and the song of the Three Young Men Suanne Bel and the Dragon According to Josephus (Antiq.12, 6, 1) Mattathias was descended from one Asmonaeus: Hence the family of the Maccabees are also called Asmoneans. They teach that suicide is a noble and manful act The name Maccabees is applied to the family and posterity of the illustrious Jewish priest Mattathias, who maintained a long and successful struggle with the Syrian kings, and finally succeeded in establishing for a period the independence of the Jews. Today the word apocrypha is synonymous with the fourteen or fifteen books of doubtful authenticity and authority. When Holofernes, one of Nebuchadnezzar's generals, was besieging Bethulia, a city of Judea, she went over to his camp with her maid in the character of a deserter, promised to guide him to Jerusalem, and by her flattery and artful representations so insinuated herself into his favor that he entertained her with high honor. Not everyone reads the apocrypha , so you might have to wait a little while to get your answer but I'm sure someone will respond eventually ." > Respond now. Its title seems to have come simply from the similarity of its contents. This is the only apocryphal book which assumes the character of prophecy. This part contains, after an introductory notice, a confession of sin with prayer for deliverance. An Apocrypha Overview. By some, as Jerome, the term was extended to all the books incorporated by the Alexandrine Jews, in their Greek version, into the proper canon of the Old Testament, a few of which . This is over a millennium and a half after the books were written, and was a counter-reaction to the Protestant Reformation. 'hidden') denotes the collection of . He teaches also the doctrine of the immortality of the soul and of a future judgment. In some Protestant Bibles, they are placed between the New and Old Testament. There were two high priests of this name, both sons of Onias, but the author's eulogy is applicable only to the former, who flourished about 310-290 B.C. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. It relates in a pompous and oratorical style how Ptolemy Philopator, being enraged at his failure to enter the sanctuary at Jerusalem, determined to wreak his vengeance on the Jews in Egypt, and assembled them for this purpose in the circus, that they might be trampled under foot by drunken elephants, but was hindered by the miraculous interposition of God; whereupon the king liberated the Jews, prepared for them a sumptuous feast, and gave them permission to take vengeance on their apostate countrymen. The date of several of the apocryphal books is very uncertain; but none of them can well be placed as early as the beginning of the third century before Christ. Catholics typically refer to other early Christian writings as apocryphal. These include such writings as the Shepherd of Hermas, the Epistle of Barnabas, the Didache (Teaching) of the Twelve Apostles, and the Apostolic Canons and Constitutions, which were nearly bundled together with the New Testament. [1] There are two types of apocrypha books: Old Testament Apocrypha and New Testament Apocrypha. At last, being left alone with him at night in his tent, she beheaded him with his own falchion as he lay asleep and intoxicated, and going forth gave his head to her maid, who put it in her bag, and they two passed the guards in safety under the pretext of going out for prayer, as had been their nightly custom. The noun Apocrypha is the name generally given to the 16 books. 17. These writings are considered to be non-canonical by most other religions such as Catholics and Orthodox Christians, but they are accepted by some Protestants. These writings are not found in the Hebrew Old Testament, but they are contained in some manuscripts of the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament, which was completed around 250 b.c. The second part begins with an address to the covenant people, in which they are rebuked for neglecting the teachings of divine wisdom, and encouraged with the hope of returning prosperity when they shall obey her voice. By consulting our list, you will be able to know the words and teachings of these writings. (King James Version Defendedpage 98. Zion is then introduced lamenting over the desolations which God has brought upon her and her children (chap.4:9-4:29), and afterwards comforting them with the hope of certain deliverance and enlargement (chaps.4:30-5:9). The First Book of Esdras (also known as Third Esdras) 2. The apocryphal books themselves make reference to what we call the Silent 400 years, where there was no prophets of God to write inspired materials. (Jude mentioned Enoch, but Enoch was not the author of the books that bear his name.) This writer is the first who expressly identifies the serpent that deceived Eve with the devil: "Through envy of the devil came death into the world." As a fairly unimportant side-note, these 7 books are called by both names. It is to these that Protestant usage generally assigns the term "Apocrypha.". Besides historical inaccuracies, such as are not conceivable in the case of Baruch, the fact that its author employed the Septuagint translation of Jeremiah and Daniel mark it as of a later date. The three books of the Protestant Apocrypha that are not accepted by Catholics are 1-2 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh. Also comes from the Latin apocryphus which meant secret or non-canonical. Some say it was removed because of not finding the books in the original Hebrew manuscripts. Some have thought that he also holds matter to be eternal. Among the historical writings are 1 and 2 Maccabees and 1 and 2 . How much historic truth lies at its foundation, it is impossible to determine. Such is a brief outline of the story, which is told in an interesting and attractive style. The Apocrypha is a collection of pre-New Testament works by Jewish writers, many collected in the Septuagint, a Greek translation of Hebrew texts including the 39 canonical books of the Old Testament. The word apocrypha means "hidden." Sometimes these books are called "deuterocanonical," which means "belonging to a second canon." How Did the Apocryphal Books Become Part of Some Bibles? 21. The third book of Maccabees. These books are also called the "Deuterocanonical books" ("Deutero" = second, so this term refers to a second or secondary canon of books). Finally, the content of the apocrypha is often full of mysticism, contradictions with other teachings of the scriptures, and also presents themes that . These do not detract from his trustworthiness in relating the affairs of his own nation through a period of forty years of the most eventful character (B.C.175-135). Apocrypha is a collection of texts written during the Second Temple Period, but not included in the Hebrew Bible or the Protestant canon. These books are Tobit, Judith, 1 and 2 Maccabees, Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach (also known as .

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