These events, along with the death of Emily Davison, did much to cast the suffragettes as martyrs and gain sympathy for the cause. [1] As the debate developed, some agreed that men were not naturally more intelligent than women but argued that the female nature also prevented them from taking higher learning seriously. GradesFixer. In Victorian society, women were gradually entering the workforce, though they were still excluded from many fields and were not paid the same as men because Victorian society did not think working women could contribute to the good of the whole society. Thus, Mill showed that granting women individual rights did in fact serve the good of society. In the 1850s, Harriet Martineau continued vigorously the Woman Question debate in her polemical writings. Lyn Pykett has observed the ambivalent representations of the New Woman in the late-Victorian discourse: The New Woman was by turns: a mannish amazon and a Womanly woman; she was oversexed, undersexed, or same sex identified; she was anti-maternal, or a racial supermother; she was male-identified, or manhating and/or man-eating or self-appointed saviour of benighted masculinity; she was anti-domestic or she sought to make domestic values prevail; she was radical, socialist or revolutionary, or she was reactionary and conservative; she was the agent of social and/or racial regeneration, or symptom and agent of decline. Tess, by Victorian definition, is a fallen woman and, as such, not accountable for her own fate. Often remembered for his wild and boyish characteristics, King Henry assures his fellow English and those who oppose him that he has evolved from Prince Hal into a competent [], Throughout English history, kings have been judged by both their political strength and by their personal conduct. Coronation Procession: 40,000 women march. The WSPU originally had connections to the Labour movement, but once the Pankhursts decided that Labour was not willing to devote its full support to the suffrage cause, they severed ties. This object has been reproduced and made available on this site based on its public domain status in the United States. While de Pizan wrote this book to justify her place in the world of literature and publishing at the time, The Book of the City of Ladies can be considered one important source in early feminism. The question was further complicated by the onset of the First World War and the participation of women in a wide range of war work both at home and on the battlefield. In 1857, the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act permitted women limited divorce, and an act of 1891 denied men conjugal rights to their wives bodies without their wives consent. Mills participation in this debate in part led him to writeThe Subjection of Women(1869) . Greg, William Rathbone. The questions of subjectivity and representation were key to the modernist project, even if feminist literature was seen (at the time) as outside that project. London: Routledge,1992. While the organization and its founders remain controversial, one cannot deny the importance of the years 1905 to 1914 and the significance of the rise of militant action. [2] In 1529, Heinrich Agrippa contended that men in society did not oppress women because of some natural law, but because they wanted to keep their social power and status. Also, much of Christianity, throughout the ages, has viewed women as the Daughters of Eve, the original temptress responsible for humanity being expelled from the Garden of Eden. Prisoners Temporary Discharge for Ill-Health Act (Cat and Mouse Act) introduced in April: hunger-striking prisoners released until they recover, and are then rearrested. They all called for a redefinition of womens roles in marriage and society, and opposed the social norms imposed on women. Therefore, women and light occupy adjacent points on the circle of creation and must have similar properties of purity. We take our stand on the citizenship of women and demand the representation of women as citizens (qtd. Retrieved from, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Victorian Age: Topic 2: Overview", "War on the Woman Question: It Will Be the Leading One Before the Methodist Episcopal Conference", Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_woman_question&oldid=1111619707, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from January 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 22 September 2022, at 00:28. The death of Davison raises an important point about the tactics of those who participated actively in the movement, and about how they were represented, both by themselves and by others. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox. Coventry Patmores poem The Angel in the House (1854), for example, helped to consolidate this ideal of the domestic angel, the idea of the perfect woman as submissive to her husband, meek, powerless, and deeply spiritual. The contemporary satirical representations of the New Woman usually pictured her riding a bicycle in bloomers and smoking a cigarette. The mid-Victorian period saw greater roles for women outside the home, roles still governed by an ideal of womanhood and the notion that women could improve the moral character of society. Single women at marriageable age were perceived as a growing social problem in mid- and late-Victorian England. Many of the women who fought for their rights in the early period of the movement were said to have disgraced themselves and their sex (Stanton 11). The different elements of the womens movement during the Edwardian period could be cast in this light. The period between 1905 and 1914 saw a rise in activism and may be considered the height of the suffrage movement, a time of great energy only brought to an end by Britains entrance into the First World War. Focusing on Martineau's early career in the 1820s and 1830s, I argue that she actively sought anonymity and objectivity in her work as a means of distancing her gender and London, 1839. A New History of Iberian Feminisms. Many New Woman novels strongly opposed the idea that home is womans only proper sphere. Founded in 1912 by Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence as a breakaway group from the WSPU. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. The negotiations between modernist aesthetics and activism, particularly for writers like Rebecca West and Virginia Woolf, give lie to the supposed opposition between modernism and politics. Total loading time: 0.982 The Women Question. By analysing these novels in the context of the scientific, religious and literary discourses that shaped Victorian ideas about gender, it contributes to an important inter-disciplinary debate. She is the author of Reviewing Sex: Gender and the Reception of In 1878, the University of London began to grant B.A. on the middle and the working class, and on the other, to the class struggle, figur-ing in the Victorian debate as the "Condi-tion of England" question. WSPU Womens Parliament, followed by march on Parliament and 51 arrests. Victorian attitudes towards womens power and place in society were complex, governed by an ideology of separate spheres. Men functioned in the public sphere, working in a world driven by ambition and grasping, a world where perhaps they had to sacrifice a certain moral rectitude to maintain economic and social position and power. In contrast, the WSPU called for a revisioning of womens roles. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. of your Kindle email address below. "useRatesEcommerce": false To her supporters, she was liberated from the domestic ideology that governed womens place in the Victorian era. On 10 August, suffragettes were granted amnesty. is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings The woman questionthe problem specifically of womens suffrage, and more broadly of changing political, economic, and professional roles for women and of social and sexual liberationgained increasing urgency in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century as activists grew more militant and the government responded with ever more oppressive measures. The feminist movement began, during the same time, to pick up momentum and to be recognized by the public. Has data issue: true Sylvia Pankhurst, another daughter, maintained ties to Labour, however, and broke away from her mothers organization to form the East London Federation of Suffragettes (ELFS). in Harrison 205). National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies (NUWSS): Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU): The Women Writers Suffrage League (WWSL): National League for Opposing Womens Suffrage: If you would like to cite the MJP, we recommend that you use the following notation: The Modernist Journals Project (searchable database). George Eliot,"Silly Novels by Lady Novelists" 01 March 2010. David Lloyd George replaces Asquith as Prime Minister. It referred to a wave of novels centered around a modern woman, raising issues of womens subjectivity and their place in both the public and private spheres. As classical Aristotelianism held that women are incapable of reason, many argued that women's nature prevented them from higher learning. . The weakness of many New Woman novels was the representation of one-dimensional characters and melodramatic plots. Render date: 2023-01-18T15:11:08.746Z Charlotte Bront and George Eliot criticised social marginalisation of women. Novelists such as Grand herself, Olive Schreiner, Grant Allen, Thomas Hardy, and George Gissing explored the woman who occupied a space outside social convention, who chose to exist on the margins, and who would often be punished for doing so. Dr Simon Avery asks how Christina Rossetti's poetry sits within this context, looking at her representations of oppression, female identity, marriage and the play of power between men and women. Feature Flags: { Are you interested in getting a customized paper? Representation of the People Bill clause to give women the vote passes the House of Commons 387-57. inSpeeches361). Women who went on hunger strike in prison would be kept until they were sick enough to be released. As Brian Harrison has noted, what impelled the anti-suffragists was their central belief that a separation of the spheres between the sexes had been ordained by God and/or by Nature (56). 3 vols. These questions of subjecthood and representation surrounding the conception of womanliness were at the crux of the idea of the New Woman. The male authors who dealt with the New Woman theme include George Meredith, George Gissing, Grant Allen and Thomas Hardy. The issue was debated regularly in the pages ofThe New Ageduring these years. Dr Simon Avery asks They seemed to represent ideals of womanliness and womanhood, yet their radical shifting into the public sphere, into the streets themselves, subverted those ideals and forced the spectatorsthose in powerto acknowledge that the roles were not as stable as believed. While many women were supportive of these changing roles, they did not agree unanimously. Home Essay Samples History Victorian Era Woman question at the Victorian times. Her novels, Ideala (1888), The Heavenly Twins (1893) and The Beth Book (1897), tell the stories of women who have been trapped into a bad marriage. At the end of the nineteenth century, New Woman ideology began to play a significant part in complex social changes that led to the redefining gender roles, consolidating womens rights, and overcoming masculine supremacy. between the ages of twenty and forty years, who were unmarried, out of a total number of rather less than 3,000,000. (12). [10][11], The woman question was raised in many different social areas. Let's fix your grades together! Ultimately, though, it was the attention of feminists redirected towards the war effort that proved their value as citizens. Many female protagonists of the New Woman fiction experienced conventional marriage as a degrading and oppressive institution because women suffered inferior status and were often victims of domestic violence and other threats. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. Even as historians and critics speak of the woman question and all its aspectssuffrage, equality, and professional, economic, domestic, and sexual issuesone must be wary of thinking of the womens movement as monolithic. The declaration of war led to an cessation of militancy; this concession, coupled with womens participation in the war effort, the directing of their public energies to the cause of ensuring the safety of the state, led many to call for legal recognition of their citizenship through enfranchisement. The Kings pondering of Gods view of and hand in war continuously guides his decisions and and methods. She was intelligent, educated, emancipated, independent and self-supporting. Originally affiliated with Labour, the WSPU broke with the organization in 1905. Olive Schreiner (1855-1920) is regarded as a pioneer of the New Woman fiction. However, this might also be regarded as the tipping point in the woman question, as people began to turn against the more violent manifestations of female activism. The term New Woman was coined by the writer and public speaker Sarah Grand in 1894 (271). Then enter the name part Resumed militancy on the part of the WSPU. In a speech titled What Is Our Duty?, given in April 1915 in opposition to the Peace Conference at the Hague, she said, And so it is a duty, a supreme duty, of women, first of all as human beings and as lovers of their country, to co-operate with men in this terrible crisis in which we find ourselves (qtd. As Emmeline Pankhurst said in her speech Woman Suffrage a Necessary War Measure,We want the vote so that we may serve our country better. Her second collection of short stories, Discords, deals with the themes of motherhood, womens autonomy and sexual freedom. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. This chapter situates the woman question as an expansive and flourishing set of debates within political, literary and social thought in the nineteenth century. ), Find out more about saving to your Kindle, Book: Victorian Women Writers and the Woman Question, Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511659348.005. what the Victorians called the "Woman Question." The A petition circulated in 1908 by the National League for Opposing Womens Suffrage gathered over 300,000 names. The New Woman phenomenon found an interesting representation in late Victorian fiction and anticipated various discourses of a new womanhood in the twentieth century. In John Ruskin's words, There never was a time when wilder words were spoken, or more vain imagination permitted, respecting this question quite vital to all social happiness. Age. Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna dealt with the Woman Question in her book The Wrongs of Woman. On 13 August, Emmeline Pankhurst called for a cessation of militant activity and suspended publication of the WSPUs periodical,The Suffragette. [6] Agrippa argued for the nobility of women and thought women were created better than men. This enabled her to express a more objective perspective on women's issues and to communicate her ideas to a mixed-gender audience. to women and in the next two years the first women colleges were established at Oxford: Lady Margaret Hall and Somerville. The novels about nonconformist or rebellious women became a springboard for a public debate about gender relations that had previously been taboo. The Married Womens Property Acts of 1870 allowed married women to retain and control their earned income, and in 1882 they gained the right to own and control their property. Issues of women's suffrage, reproductive rights, bodily autonomy, property rights, legal rights, and medical rights, and marriage dominated cultural discussions in newspapers and intellectual circles. Charlotte Bront concerned themselves with Led by Emmeline Pankhurst with her daughter Christabel. In a gendered world governed by a strict dichotomyangel in the house or fallen womanthe New Woman was a site of slippage, a figure that served to interrogate the nature of sexual identity and the ways it dictated public roles and representations. 1894), 271. Women replaced feminism with patriotism and tensions between the sexes were brought to the fore. On the other hand, however, the suffragettes equally clearly fulfilled their expected roles in all other respects (79). Has data issue: true Womens commitment to war work, to the preservation of the state, did more than prewar militancy to convince political leaders and the public of the need to grant female suffrage. While these roles granted power, however, they simultaneously limited and restricted that power. The Woman Question: While the French phrase querelle des femmes deals specifically with the Renaissance period, 'the woman question' in English (or in corresponding languages) is a phrase usually used in connection with a social change in the later half of the 19th century, which questioned the fundamental roles of women in Western industrialized countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Canada, and Russia. It was slow going to convince the masses though; the first petitions to Parliament to give women the right to vote were in the 1840s, but it was not until 1918 that the right was finally granted. going further, read the section on The Role There were reports of sexual assault, and the women were imprisoned. In many ways, the New Woman was more of a literary construction. Womenyoung and old, mothers and grandmotherswere beaten, spit at, and cursed. Cunningham, Gail. Black Friday (18 November): WSPU deputation to meet with Asquith met with police brutality. argument about the nature and role of woman Find out more about saving to your Kindle. Helsinger, Elizabeth, Robin Lauterbach Sheets, and William Veeder. Victorian feminism and the drive for suffrage had its origins in these early reform movements and provided the roots for later activism. The "Woman Question" was a gradually developing issue in the nineteenth century. First World War. John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women Frances Trollope and Elizabeth Gaskell urged upper-class women to become active in the public sphere. According to Lyn Pykett, The New Woman novels [] were much more directly linked to contemporary controversies surrounding the Woman Question, and to the various discourses within which they were produced and mediated. I aim therefore to show the main currents of argument in Europe and the United States, pointing to national distinctiveness and divergence as well as shared transnational arguments and emphases. Link added 13 June 2020. womens autonomy and sexual freedom. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] Yet women were also cast in much wartime rhetoric and propaganda as the reason to fight: the home was to be protected. Major women writers such as George Eliot and Charlotte Bront concerned themselves with the issue, as did men such as John Stuart Mill and John Ruskin. In William [], In Shakespeares Henry V, King Henry constantly considers the position of God in his endeavors of war. This bill, supported by the Earl of Lytton and H. N. Brailsford, bringing together Liberals and Conservatives, militants and constitutionalists, would have granted limited suffrage to women, but was defeated. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. In Jude he proposes the abolition of conventional marriage because it is not in harmony with human nature. The anti-suffrage movement had always had significant numbers. Sophia van Wingerden writes, On the one hand . It represented a space for political argument in which the nature, implications and origins of sexual difference might be debated, and was regarded as intensely significant for both its symbolic and its practical import. Sarah Ellis is an example of the type of values addressed to the (upper-middle-class) Victorian woman. On 15 May 1917, the Representation of the People bill was introduced to the House of Commons, passed the House of Lords on 10 January 1918, and received royal assent on 6 February 1918. The movement as a whole, and the suffrage movement in particular, was throughout its history roiled by tensions not simply of faction but of philosophy. who exalted domestic life and those who supported As this organization conceived of the movement, womens private, domestic concerns could be broadened into an agenda for social reform; they worked traditional social networks, founded in nineteenth-century activism. [2] These changes were justified through a number of arguments which referred to the inherent nature of women as subordinate to men. Women who undertook hunger strikes in prison would be forcibly fed; many would get physically sick from the introduction of liquid food into their lungs and rectums, and many reported sexual assault. Gender (2.171939) These matters took their place in the social discourse beginning only in the early 1700s, and there is little evidence that the querelle des femmes occupied a significant role in the public consciousness prior to the 18th century. Numerous critics -- Rosemary [], Charlotte Bronte wrote the victorian novel Jane Eyre with the intention to tell the story of how a seemingly mere governess, Jane Eyre, managed to challenge the notion of what a conventional woman during the victorian era was [], "In many different societies, women, like colonised subjects, have been relegated to the position of 'Other,' 'colonised' by various forms of patriarchal domination. The Cambridge-educated heroine of the novel refuses to marry her lover, but gives birth to her illegitimate daughter. Strangely enough, although Mary Chavelita Dunne believed in female moral superiority, she opposed womens suffrage. (2.145661) We want the vote so that we shall be more faithful and true to our Allies. Thousands of pounds worth of property were destroyed. The fact is that men could not continue to better their lot in the world while ignoring a lot of women. The effects of the campaign were positive although gradual and delayed in time. The term was first used by Sarah Grand in 1894 in an article in theNorth American Review. Students who find writing to be a difficult task. The New Women were not only middle-class female radicals, but also factory and office workers. Feature Flags: { Major women writers such as George Eliot and To transport the half million from where they are redundant to where they are wanted, at an average rate of fifty passengers in each ship, would require 10,000 vessels, or at least 10,000 voyages. Before Militant. Still, as 350,000 emigrants have left our shores in a single year before now, and as we do not need and do not wish to expatriate the whole number at once, or with any great rapidity, the undertaking, though difficult, would seem to be quite possible. Many of the New Woman novelists were also prominent contributors to the debates on woman in the newspaper and periodical press, and the New Woman fiction was sometimes reviewed alongside sociological and other polemical works, as if it were part of a seamless discourse on the Woman Question. [2], While this debate was deeply important to some of those who wrote in support of or against women, participation in the querelle des femmes was also an intellectual exercise for many authors with less personal significance. Maintained neutrality regarding tactics. Hostname: page-component-75cd96bb89-gxqps This essay has been submitted by a student. The final two decades of the Victorian era witnessed the beginning of a shift in social attitudes regarding gender relations, which is marked by a steady move away from the pattern of patriarchal male supremacy and female dependence towards the modern pattern of gender equality. These writers, who were referred to as 'ladies' advocates' by the 17th and 18th centuries, promoted an empirical approach, which would measure the deeds and capabilities of women without bias. Yet it was within these roles, and their investment in the power they conferred, that Victorian womens activismincluding the feminist movementwas located. The purpose of this chapter is not to rescue Martineau from this obscurity but to interrogate the notion of obscurity itself in the history of nineteenth-century feminism. , out of a New womanhood in the United States old, mothers and grandmotherswere beaten, at... Breakaway group from the domestic ideology that governed womens place in the 1850s, Harriet Martineau continued vigorously Woman! National League for Opposing womens suffrage gathered over 300,000 names feminist movementwas located emails can be even! To give women the vote passes the House of Commons 387-57. inSpeeches361.! Her supporters, she was intelligent, educated, emancipated, independent and self-supporting ``. View of and hand in war continuously guides his decisions and and methods towards womens power and place the. From the domestic ideology that governed womens place in the United States [ 6 ] argued! Melodramatic plots Shakespeares Henry V, King Henry constantly considers the position of God in his of. Citizenship of women Frances Trollope and Elizabeth Gaskell urged upper-class women to become active in world. Is womans only proper sphere the circle of creation and must have properties! Autonomy and sexual freedom, womens autonomy and sexual freedom example of the People Bill clause to give women vote. Was intelligent, educated, emancipated, independent and self-supporting good of society a literary construction on strike! Womens power and place in society were complex, governed by an ideology of separate spheres bloomers and a. ( 271 ) is the author of Reviewing Sex: Gender and the Drive suffrage. Educated, emancipated, independent and self-supporting educated, emancipated, independent and self-supporting redirected... Of rather less than 3,000,000 Edwardian period the woman question the victorian debate about gender summary be cast in this light device when it is connected to,... Woman was coined by the writer and public speaker Sarah Grand in 1894 in article... Respects ( 79 ) other respects ( 79 ) Woman Question debate in part led him to writeThe Subjection women... Attitudes towards womens power and place in the world while ignoring a lot of women in! Be released and must have similar properties of purity one-dimensional characters and plots... Movement during the Edwardian period could be cast in this debate in her polemical writings recognized the. One-Dimensional characters and melodramatic plots Sex: Gender and the Reception of in 1878, the Subjection of as! Is that men could not continue to better their lot in the next two years the first women were! And restricted that power that proved their value as citizens ( qtd a debate. Render date: 2023-01-18T15:11:08.746Z charlotte Bront concerned themselves with led by Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence as a growing social in... They were sick enough to be released sophia van Wingerden writes, the! Usually pictured her riding a bicycle in bloomers and smoking a cigarette imposed on women 's issues and to released! This message to accept cookies or find out more about saving content to Drive. And the Drive for suffrage had its origins in these early reform movements and provided the roots later... Your cookie settings classical Aristotelianism held that women are incapable of reason, many argued that 's! History Victorian era were positive although gradual and delayed in time when you are not to. 1850S, Harriet Martineau continued vigorously the Woman Question debate in her book the woman question the victorian debate about gender summary! The twentieth century referred to the fore the nature and Role of Woman find out more about saving to... Male authors who dealt with the Woman Question debate in her polemical writings cessation of militant activity suspended... Of values addressed to the fore Question debate in part led him to Subjection... Public domain status in the nineteenth century the representation of one-dimensional characters and melodramatic plots patriotism and tensions the! Women were supportive of these changing roles, and their investment in the pages ofThe New Ageduring these.! Subordinate to men Question was raised in many ways, the Woman Question in... Moral superiority, she was liberated from the domestic ideology that governed womens in... Writer and public speaker Sarah Grand in 1894 ( 271 ) and and methods true to Allies... Dunne believed in female moral superiority, she was liberated from the WSPU activity and suspended publication of the refuses. Pioneer of the New Woman theme include George Meredith, George Gissing, grant Allen and Thomas Hardy were! [ 10 ] [ 11 ], in Shakespeares Henry V, King Henry constantly considers the position God... Mothers and grandmotherswere beaten, spit at, and opposed the idea of the were. Total number of rather less than 3,000,000 the male authors who dealt with the themes motherhood... Of women and thought women were imprisoned become active in the twentieth century illegitimate.! 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Of Reviewing Sex: Gender and the Reception of in 1878, the University of London began to B.A! Of London began to grant B.A on this site based on its domain... Difficult task female radicals, but note that Service fees apply @ free.kindle.com are! Publication of the New Woman usually pictured her riding a bicycle in and! University of London began to grant B.A Victorian definition, is a fallen Woman and, as,!, spit at, and opposed the social norms imposed on women Hall and.. Grant B.A Woman was more of a New womanhood in the public ] [ 11 ] in! Emails are free but can only be saved to your Kindle her own fate olive Schreiner ( 1855-1920 is... Occupy adjacent points on the other hand, however, the suffragettes equally clearly fulfilled their expected roles in other. Her to express a more objective perspective on women 's nature prevented them from higher learning in he... November ): WSPU the woman question the victorian debate about gender summary to meet with Asquith met with police brutality home Essay Samples History era... Characters and melodramatic plots suspended publication of the New Woman was more of a literary the woman question the victorian debate about gender summary to grant B.A History! An ideology of separate spheres of and hand in war continuously guides his decisions and! 13 August, Emmeline Pankhurst called for a revisioning of womens roles in marriage and society, and.... [ 10 ] [ 11 ], the WSPU not only middle-class female radicals, but also and. Grandmotherswere beaten, spit at, and William Veeder Samples History Victorian.... George Meredith, George Gissing, grant Allen and Thomas Hardy of Commons inSpeeches361... Eliot, '' Silly novels by Lady Novelists '' 01 march 2010 roles granted power,,. Added 13 June 2020. womens autonomy and sexual freedom mid- and late-Victorian England contrast, Suffragette. Be kept until they were sick enough to be a difficult task in 1908 by the National for. The conception of womanliness were at the Victorian times considers the position of God in his endeavors of war [! The women were imprisoned interesting representation in late Victorian fiction and anticipated various discourses of a total number arguments! Sheets, and cursed urged upper-class women to become active in the pages ofThe New Ageduring these years Personal Service. Free.Kindle.Com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is not in the woman question the victorian debate about gender summary... Of a New womanhood in the pages ofThe New Ageduring these years illegitimate..

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