Consideration should be given to the possibility of using nonanimal alternatives. Federal Register, 55(136), (July 16, 1990), 28879- 28884. The principles of humane experimental technique. 2010.https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/Guidelines/NC3Rs%20ARRIVE%20Guidelines%202013.pdf, The Norwegian Food Safety Authority's instructions on the management of the Regulation on AnimalExperimentation (Mattilsynets instruks om forvaltningen av Forsksdyrforskriften):https://www.mattilsynet.no/dyr_og_dyrehold/dyrevelferd/forsoksdyr/instruks_om_mattilsynets_forvaltning_av_forsoksdyrforskriften.21015/binary/Instruks%20om%20Mattilsynets%20forvaltning%20av%20forsksdyrforskriften, PREPARE (Planning Research and Experimental Procedures on Animals: Recommendations for Excellence) guidelines. A researcher's assessment of what is considered acceptable suffering shouldbe based on the animals that suffer the most. Laboratory exercises as well as classroom demonstrations involving live animals are of great value as instructional aids. Surgical procedures, because of their invasive nature, require close supervision and attention to humane considerations by the psychologist. Moreover, psychologists trained in appropriate research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory animals must supervise all procedures involving these animals and are "responsible for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health and humane treatment," says the code. Dess, N. K., & Foltin, R. W. (2004). All handlers of nonhuman animals in educational settings should adhere to the recommendations outlined above for personnel, housing, and acquisition of subjects. (Eds.). Psychologists should make every effort to ensure that those responsible for transporting the nonhuman animals to the facility provide adequate food, water, ventilation, and space, and impose no unnecessary stress on the animals (NRC, 2006). Psychological research involving human subjects must take into account many ethical considerations. Researchers outline a three-pronged approach to conducting ethical research with animals, using the principles of non-maleficence, beneficence, and voluntary participation. When research is conducted in applied settings, such as hospitals, health clinics, and offices of doctors and mental health professionals, the investigator should understand the risk of, and declare mitigating strategies for, disease transmission between human and nonhuman participants. University of Minnesota. It can converge with the scientific justification and can, in some ways, depend on it. 2131 et seq. Second, there must be a reduction in the number of animals used. The three Rs (Replace, Reduce, Refine) are established principles thatare also enshrined in legislation. Researchers must consider the risk that laboratory animals experience pain andother suffering (see guideline 5) and assess them in relation to the value of theresearch for animals, people or the environment. (2017). Federal Register, 54(168), (Aug 31, 1989), 36112-36163. Such research on endangered species should not be conducted unless IACUC approval has been obtained and all requisite permits are obtained (see section IV.D of this document). U.S. Department of Agriculture. Researchers must berespectful when choosing their topic and methods, and when disseminatingtheir research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. In 1996, NASA published an influential document titled "NASA Principles for the Ethical Care and Use of Animals". The guidelines primarily address theresearcher but apply to any person involved when animals are used for research,including funding and approval bodies, which are also responsible for makingethical assessments of projects involving experiments on animals. The ethics cascade. There are national laws and rules and international conventions and agreementsregarding the use of laboratory animals, and both researchers and researchmanagers must comply with these. It is important to recognize that this document constitutes guidelines, which serve a different purpose than standards. Standards, unlike guidelines, require mandatory compliance, and may be accompanied by an enforcement mechanism. Researchers are responsible for ensuring that there is transparency about researchfindings and facilitating the sharing of data and material from experiments on animals. Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Animals in Research was developed by the American Psychological Association Committee on Animal Research and Ethics in 2020 and 2021. (1990). Research on nonhuman animals may not be conducted until the protocol has been reviewed and approved by an appropriate animal care committee; typically, an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), to ensure that the procedures are appropriate and abide by the principles for humane experimental techniques embodied by the 3Rs Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement (Russell & Burch, 1959). This means, among other things,that researchers must conduct literature studies, consider alternativeexperiment designs and perform design calculations before beginningexperiments. Every effort should be made to minimize potential harmful effects of the study on the population and on other plant and animal species in the area. In that case, it is because they have broken the law, not primarily because theyhave violated the guidelines for research ethics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. http://awic.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=3&tax_level=3&tax_subject=182&topic_id=1118&level3_id=6735, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. (1989). COVID-19: Vaccine Program | Testing |Visitor Guidelines | Information for EmployeesMONKEYPOX: UConn Health is NOT currently offering the monkeypox vaccine. A copy of the. However, when psychologists lack such expertise, they should ensure that the research team includes individuals with the necessary expertise to recognize and intervene to reduce the nonhuman animal subjects distress. Different areas of psychology, like clinical psychology or biopsychology, have their own specialized guidelines suited to the kind of research and work done in that field. Aseptic (methods that minimize risks of infection) techniques must be used on laboratory animals whenever possible. Ensure that all individuals under their supervision who are using animals have received instruction in research methods and in the care, maintenance and handling of the species being used, to the extent appropriate to their role. A veterinary perspective on the recently published guidelines for animal-assisted interventions in health-care facilities. (NIH Publication No. Consideration should be given to providing the research animals control over the potential aversive stimulation whenever it is consistent with the goals of the research. The three basic principles of the document include: MONKEYPOX: UConn Health is NOT currently offering the monkeypox vaccine. Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives, http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/olaw.htm, http://www.apa.org/science/leadership/care/guidelines, 2022 American Psychological Association. Federal Register, 65(27), (Feb 9, 2000), 6312-6314. Key Terms. American Psychological Association. Researchers are responsible for reducing disruption and any impact on the naturalbehaviour of individual animals, including those that are not direct subjects ofresearch, as well as of populations and their surroundings. The ethical assessments related to the use of animals in research are wide-ranging. It boils down to the following: is the ethical cost of the research (the pain of the animals, the ultimate death of the animals) either balanced or outweighed by the potential value of the research to human or animal health, the advancement of knowledge, or the good of society? If no goodoptions are available, researchers should consider whether the research canbe postponed until alternative methods have been developed. Describing the use of animals in animal-assisted intervention research. After this date users are encouraged to contact the APA Science Directorate to determine whether this document remains in effect. Ethical justification of animal research is, in some ways, more difficult than the scientific justification as an individuals personal beliefs can affect the way they may view the research. Nonhuman animals taken from the wild should be trapped in a humane manner and in accordance with applicable federal, state, and local regulations. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals (8th ed.). seq.) The guidelines cover laboratory animals, as defined in the RegulationsRelating to the Use of Animals in Research, but also cover all animals that are otherwiseimpacted by research activities. Reporting Concerns For serious questions or concerns about animal welfare, the process of review, or about committee decisions, contact: Frances Lawrenz Institutional Official (612) 625-2046 [email protected] You may also report animal welfare concerns or policy violations via the University of Minnesota's reporting system. To ensure their humane treatment and well-being, nonhuman animals reared in the laboratory must not be released into the wild because, in most cases, they cannot survive, or they may survive by disrupting the natural ecology. All procedures carried out on nonhuman animals are to be reviewed by an IACUC to ensure that the procedures are appropriate and humane. 2017.https://norecopa.no/prepare, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32010L0063, https://lovdata.no/dokument/LTI/forskrift/2003-03-14-349, https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2015-06-18-761, https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/gene-technology-act/id173031/, https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/animal-welfare-act/id571188/, https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/Guidelines/NC3Rs%20ARRIVE%20Guidelines%202013.pdf, https://www.mattilsynet.no/dyr_og_dyrehold/dyrevelferd/forsoksdyr/, instruks_om_mattilsynets_forvaltning_av_forsoksdyrforskriften.21015/binary/Instruks%20om%20Mattilsynets%20forvaltning%20av%20forsksdyrforskriften. Respect for animal life, knowledge of humane laws, and proper care and feeding of animals are stressed. The activities that any individuals may engage in must not exceed their respective competencies, training, and experience in either the laboratory or the field setting. changing the genetic material of laboratory animals using gene technology, givesrise to a special responsibility in that this method entails a double intervention:first, intervention in the animal's genetic material and second, use of the animal asa research object. Federal Register, 55(32), (Feb 15, 1991), 6426-6505. The committee must have representation from within the institution and from the local community. Rabie Fayed Follow Professor at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University Advertisement Recommended Recognition and alleviation of distress in laboratory animals. For example, studies of AAIs in health-care facilities offering mental health services may introduce risks for bi-directional zoonotic transmission of infectious diseases such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Lefebvre, et al., 2008). ethical: Of, or relating to, the accepted principles of right and wrong especially those of some organization or profession. APA members working outside the United States must also follow all applicable laws and regulations of the country in which they conduct research. (1991). The animals selected for a procedure should be of an appropriate species and quality and the minimum number required to obtain valid results. This includes settings where the principal subjects of the research are humans, but nonhuman animals are used as part of the study, such as research on the efficacy of animal-assisted interventions (AAI) and research conducted in zoos, animal shelters, and so on. These principles can establish absolute limits forexperiments on animals, even when there are great benefits. The researcher(s) should monitor the research and the subjects welfare throughout the course of an investigation to ensure continued justification for the research. Assessments of harm and benefit associated withexperiments on animals are particularly demanding, because experiments mayresult in researchers intentionally causing actual harm to animals, while thefuture benefits are often uncertain. Researchers are responsible for considering whether it is possible toreduce the number of animals the experiment plans to use and mustonly include the number necessary to maintain the scientific quality of theexperiments and the relevance of the results. American Journal of Infection Control, 36(2), 78-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2007.09.005, American Veterinary Medical Association. (2003). New gene technologymethods create new opportunities for the use of genetically modified animals inresearch, which is a growing trend. A risk-benefit analysis involves showing that the benefits of a study outweigh the risks. 2131 et. Whenever possible behavioral procedures should be used that minimize discomfort to the nonhuman animal. Guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits; Final Rules. since considering ethics in animal experiments is a crucial issue in the modern era of medical research, in this paper, we have provided some guidelines (most of which have been adopted from guidelines for ethical conduct in the care and use of animals provided by american association of psychologists) which could be useful for researchers to This practice has the potential to change our view of humans andour attitudes towards generating or eliminating genetic characteristics in ourselves. In general, psychologists should act on the assumption that procedures that are likely to produce pain in humans may also do so in other animals, unless there is species-specific evidence of pain or stress to the contrary. Procedures that may be justified for research purposes may not be so for educational purposes (e.g., animal models of pain that are used to develop safer analgesics would be in excess of what is needed to merely demonstrate the use of animal models in the study of behavior and cognition). Proceed rapidly when it is appropriate that an animal's life be terminated, with an effort to minimize pain and in accordance with accepted procedures. This includes specific knowledgeabout the biology of the animal species in question, and a willingness and abilityto take care of animals properly. Studying other animals is critical to understanding basic principles underlying behavior and to advancing the welfare of both human and nonhuman animals. Included in this review should be a risk assessment and guidelines for prevention of zoonotic disease transmission (i.e., disease transmission between species, including human to nonhuman and vice versa). Also online at www.nimh.nih.gov/research/animals.cfm. The following are some of the most important ethical principles from the American Psychological Association's guidelines on research with animals: Psychologists acquire, care for, use, and dispose of animals in compliance with current federal, state, and local laws and regulations, and with professional standards. Approved by the APA Council of Representatives, February 2022. APA's Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Animals are at http://www.apa.org/science/leadership/care/guidelines. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 233(3), 394-402. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.233.3.394, National Institutes of Health Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. In all experimental circumstances, investigators should structure into the schedule the basic needs of the nonhuman animals such as food, water, and rest breaks. Genetically modifying laboratory animals, i.e. These guidelines provide a framework that also covers ethical questions associatedwith the use of genetically modified animals in research. Use of endangered, threatened, or imported nonhuman animals must only be conducted with full attention to required permits and ethical concerns. Field research, if strictly observational, may not require animal care committee approval (USDA, 2000). (2008). (2000). Researchers must have respect for animals' worth, regardless of their utility value,and for animals' interests as living, sentient creatures. Animal welfare; Standards; Part 3, Final Rules. Procedures involving more than momentary or slight aversive stimulation, which is not relieved by medication or other acceptable methods, should be undertaken only when the objectives of the research cannot be achieved by other methods. Procedures that employ restraint must conform to federal regulations and guidelines. Multiple surgeries on the same animal must be justified and receive approval from the IACUC. Disclosing negative results may give other researchers informationabout which experiments are not worth pursuing, shine a light on unfortunateresearch design, and help reduce the use of animals in research.

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