Sharpeville was first built in 1943 to replace Topville, a nearby township that suffered overcrowding where illnesses like pneumonia were widespread. [404][405] Thatcher was heavily satirised on Spitting Image, and The Independent labelled her "every stand-up's dream". WebMao Zedong (26 December 1893 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC), which he led as the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from the establishment of the PRC in 1949 until his death in 1976. [15] She was head girl in 194243,[16] and outside school, while the Second World War was ongoing, she voluntarily worked as a fire watcher in the local ARP service. [185] Nevertheless, the British government privately contacted republican leaders in a bid to bring the hunger strikes to an end. [382] Lord Foulkes of Cumnock agreed on Scotland Tonight that she had provided "the impetus" for devolution. Additional KGB security guards were placed at the dacha gates with orders to stop anybody from leaving. [112], In office throughout the 1980s, Thatcher was frequently referred to as the most powerful woman in the world. This section includes reactions from nations that were officially MarxistLeninist at the time, not former Warsaw Pact members that had begun transitioning to a multi-party system. "[83], The Heath government continued to experience difficulties with oil embargoes and union demands for wage increases in 1973, subsequently losing the February 1974 general election. WebCBC archives - Canada's home for news, sports, lifestyle, comedy, arts, kids, music, original series & more. All former Soviet embassies became Russian embassies, and Russia received all nuclear weapons located in other former republics by 1996. She had once suggested the shortlisting of women by default for all public appointments yet had also proposed that those with young children ought to leave the workforce. [255], Sharing the concerns of French president Franois Mitterrand,[257] Thatcher was initially opposed to German reunification,[nb 7] telling Gorbachev that it "would lead to a change to postwar borders, and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security". Qantas was sold in two parcels, one in 1993 and the other in 1995, and the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories was floated in 1994. [5] Four days later there was further bad news for Heath and his party, with the latest trade figures showing that the current account deficit for the previous month had been 383,000,000 the worst in recorded history. Britain joined the ERM in October 1990. [328], Thatcher's daughter Carol first revealed that her mother had dementia in 2005,[329] saying "Mum doesn't read much any more because of her memory loss". [154] The miners' strike of 198485 was the biggest and most devastating confrontation between the unions and the Thatcher government. [68] In a 1991 interview for Today, Thatcher stated that she thought Powell had "made a valid argument, if in sometimes regrettable terms". "-- - - . Three men were killed in the ensuing clash: Dmitry Komar, Vladimir Usov, and Ilya Krichevsky; several others were wounded. in, Matthee, Heinrich. It spread across the nation halting rail traffic and closing factories in reaction to widespread worker discontent over wage cuts and conditions during a national depression. The police shot many in the back as they turned to flee, causing some to be paralyzed. Please never mention the railways to me again." 1, which introduced the following: a state of emergency "in certain areas of the USSR" lasting six months from 4 am Moscow time on 19 August; the prohibition of rallies, demonstrations and strikes; suspension of the activities of political parties, public organizations and mass movements that impede the normalization of the situation; and the allocation of 6 hectares (15 acres) of land to all interested city residents for personal use. thousands of policemen and soldiers against strikers benefits for strikers were pointed 1. However, in North America, the lumbering savings and loans industry was facing decline which eventually led to a savings and loan crisis which compromised the wellbeing of millions of Americans. [46] These 2010 estimates require on-going review to take into account shifting demand for lower-grade iron ore and improving mining and recovery techniques (allowing deeper mining below the groundwater table). [38], Holden announced on 11 December 2013 that Holden cars would no longer be manufactured in Australia from the end of 2017.[39]. [23], At 10 am, Rutskoy, Silayev, and Khasbulatov delivered a letter to Lukyanov demanding a medical exam of Gorbachev by the World Health Organization and a meeting between themselves, Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and Yanayev within 24 hours. In January 2014, the Prime Minister, David Cameron stated, "I think if anyone needs to make an apology for their role in the miners' strike it should be Arthur Scargill for the appalling way that he led the union. UNAUNSO, Gennady Yanayev Dmitry Yazov Vladimir Kryuchkov Valentin Pavlov Boris Pugo Oleg Baklanov Vasily Starodubtsev Alexander Tizyakov. [118][119] In the 1979 general election, the Conservatives had attracted votes from the NF, whose support almost collapsed. Unexpectedly, this episode was included in the state media's evening news. Many feared the consequences of Gorbachev's German policies above all, not just for leaving officers unemployed but for sacrificing gains achieved in the Great Patriotic War to German revanchism and irredentism after all, this had been the Kremlin's greatest fear since the end of the war. Australia's GDP per capita was well above those of Britain and the United States in 1870, and more than twice the Canadian level. An estimated 100 people were killed in the unrest across the country. Its columnist Peter Jenkins claimed the last ten years had proved that "neither party" had the ability to deal with the country's problems. Exciting, witty Arthur Scargill brought coalmining to a close in Britain far faster than would have happened had the NUM been led by some prevaricating, dreary old-style union hack. Their destination was Harworth pit, and by the evening shift they had picketed it out. Miners Strike, 19841985: People versus State. An estimated 20 men and boys died, none of whom were law enforcement or troops; scores more were wounded, and the loss of property was valued in the millions of dollars. [71], The Conservative Party, led by Edward Heath, won the 1970 general election, and Thatcher was appointed to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Education and Science. Paul Keating, who was Treasurer at the time, famously referred to it as "the recession that Australia had to have. ", "Margaret Thatcher's timeline: From Grantham to the House of Lords, via Arthur Scargill and the Falklands War", "Tories move swiftly to avoid 'milk-snatcher' tag", "How Margaret Thatcher became known as 'Milk Snatcher', "National Press Club Luncheon Speakers: Margaret Thatcher (Recorded Sound Research Center, Library of Congress)", "Thatcher leads tributes to Sir Edward Heath", "Press Conference after winning Conservative leadership (Grand Committee Room)", "Press Conference concluding visit to Iran", "How Thatcher tried to thwart devolution", "7 September 1978: Callaghan accused of running scared", "Speech to Finchley Conservatives (admits to being an 'Iron Lady')", "Speech at Kensington Town Hall ('Britain Awake') (The Iron Lady)", "The Iron Lady: Margaret Thatcher's linguistic legacy", "Remarks on becoming Prime Minister (St Francis's prayer)", "Conservative Campaign Guide Supplement 1978", "TV Interview for Granada World in Action ('rather swamped')", "Margaret Thatcher complained about Asian immigration to Britain", "29 January 1985: Thatcher snubbed by Oxford dons", "10 October 1980: Thatcher 'not for turning', "Speech to Conservative Party Conference ('the lady's not for turning')", "Economy: Letter of the 364 economists critical of monetarism (letter sent to academics and list of signatories)", "26 January 1982: UK unemployment tops three million", "Unemployment among young workers hits 15 per cent", "Speech to Conservative Party Conference", "Thatcher stands firm against full EMS role", "Furor Over British Poll Tax Imperils Thatcher Ideology", "The Battle of Trafalgar Square: The poll tax riots revisited", "31 March 1990: Violence flares in poll tax demonstration", "Threat of fine for unpaid poll tax sent to No 10", "Enemies within: Thatcher and the unions", "Still unbowed, ex-miners to mark 25 years since the start of the strike", "28 September 1984: Pit dispute 'illegal' says judge", "Thatcher's legacy: how has privatisation fared? There she was influenced by the ideas of Ralph Harris and Arthur Seldon, and became the face of the ideological movement opposing the British welfare state. [47], Starting at 6 am, all of the GKChP documents were broadcast over state radio and television. For other uses, see, Secretary of State for Education and Science, 2009 photograph of her father's former shop. Some historians have provided interpretations and explanations of the defeat. A National Guard member in Pittsburgh, ordered to break the 1877 strike, pointed out that the workers were driven by "one spirit and one purpose among them that they were justified in resorting to any means to break down the power of the corporations."[27]. In 1973, Scargill was elected to the full-time post of compensation agent in the Yorkshire NUM. [38][62] The makeshift White House defense headquarters was headed by General Kobets, a Russian SFSR people's deputy. WebArthur Scargill (born 11 January 1938) is a British trade unionist who was President of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) from 1982 to 2002. The development of these technologies also renewed large-scale foreign investment. ", "The Hunger Strike of 1981 A Chronology of Main Events", "12 October 1984: Tory Cabinet in Brighton bomb blast", "Thatcher was to call Labour and miners 'enemy within' in abandoned speech", "15 November 1985: Anglo-Irish agreement signed", "Speech opening Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research", "Margaret Thatcher: How PM legitimised green concerns", "Will Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan be the unlikely saviours of the world from climate change? History of the United States Their reaction to the sudden fall--and return--of Mikhail Gorbachev. : A Review of Literature on the 1984/5 Miners' Strike.". [102], Britain's economy during the 1970s was so weak that then Foreign Secretary James Callaghan warned his fellow Labour Cabinet members in 1974 of the possibility of "a breakdown of democracy", telling them: "If I were a young man, I would emigrate. She was decidedly cool towards reunification prior to 1990, but made no attempt to block it. WebRobert James Gronkowski (born May 14, 1989) is an American former football tight end who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 11 seasons. "Two Kinds of Reform: Left Leadership in the British National Union of Mineworkers and the United Mineworkers of America, 19821990. But the mine is not forgotten. In this context the governments that followed the Menzies government in the period 19661972 increasingly found it hard to manage the rising expectations of consumers and industry. Scargill subsequently decided to move to Sheffield, and said that he had spoken to each member of staff to ask them to move to Sheffield. [403] One of the earliest satires of Thatcher as prime minister involved satirist John Wells (as writer and performer), actress Janet Brown (voicing Thatcher) and future Spitting Image producer John Lloyd (as co-producer), who in 1979 were teamed up by producer Martin Lewis for the satirical audio album The Iron Lady, which consisted of skits and songs satirising Thatcher's rise to power. Thatcher was criticised for the neglect of the Falklands' defence that led to the war, and especially by Labour MP Tam Dalyell in Parliament for the decision to torpedo the General Belgrano, but overall she was considered a competent and committed war leader. One of the main planks of his platform was to give more power to union conferences than to executive meetings, on the grounds that the former were more democratic. "[73], Thatcher supported Lord Rothschild's 1971 proposal for market forces to affect government funding of research. [273][274] Opinion polls had indicated that he would give the Conservatives a national lead over Labour. [34] The trend of Australia's gross domestic product at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund[35] is as follows: For purchasing power parity comparisons, the US$ is exchanged at A$0.98. Britain's economic situation was precarious, and most of NATO was reluctant to cut trade ties. Unlike in previous elections, Wilson took something of a back seat, allowing James Callaghan, Denis Healey and Shirley Williams to play equal, if not greater, roles in the campaign. The Enemy Within", Verso 2014. [6] Labour meanwhile cited Adamson's comments as proving the need "for everything they (had) been urging on the Government."[7]. That violence strengthened the stature of the Coal Board and the Thatcher government. [13][27] Roberts's enthusiasm for politics as a girl made him think of her as "unusual" and her parents as "slightly austere" and "very proper". Kryuchkov, who had placed Gorbachev under close surveillance as Subject 110 several months earlier, eventually got wind of the conversation from an electronic bug planted by Gorbachev's bodyguard, Vladimir Medvedev. [60], At 8 am, the Soviet General Staff ordered that the Cheget briefcase controlling Soviet nuclear weapons be returned to Moscow. After demonstrating against pass laws, a crowd of about 7,000 protesters went to the police station. Australia maintained a fixed exchange rate which was effectively pegged to sterling until 1967. Meanwhile, in Leningrad, Military District Commander Viktor Samsonov ordered the formation of an emergency committee for the city, chaired by Leningrad First Secretary Boris Gidaspov, to circumvent Sobchak's democratically elected municipal government. 5s Australian = 1 sterling; A1.25 = 1 sterling). [15] By November, the only Soviet Republics that had not declared independence were Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Margaret Thatcher Business leaders strengthened their opposition to the unions, often firing men who tried to organize or join them. "[4], One of the most unexpected and explosive events of the campaign was when the outspoken Conservative MP Enoch Powell, who had already announced that he could not stand for re-election on the Conservative manifesto, urged people to vote against Heath, because of the latter's policy toward the European Communities. She cited the help he gave Britain during the Falklands War. Campbell, Adrian, and Malcolm Warner. It culminated in the Battle of the Eureka Stockade, which took place on 3 December 1854 at Ballarat between the rebels and the colonial forces of Australia.The fighting resulted in an In sympathy, coal miners in the pits at Braidwood, LaSalle, Springfield, and Carbondale went on strike as well. [37] Scargill reached an agreement to repay money to the NUM shortly after this. "[69] Alpha Group and Vympel did not move to the White House as planned, and Yazov ordered the troops to pull out of Moscow. "The great railroad strike of 1877: A catalyst for the American labor movement. [4], The Conservative campaign was, thus, encapsulated by the now-famous phrase "Who governs Britain? China was the first communist state Thatcher had visited as prime minister, and she was the first British prime minister to visit China. "[18][19], Since 1994, 21 March has been commemorated as Human Rights Day in South Africa. Kryuchkov doubled the pay of all KGB personnel, called them back from holiday, and placed them on alert. [32][82], Pugo and his wife committed suicide on 23 August. [397] Just after her death in 2013, according to a poll by The Guardian, about half of the public viewed her positively while one third viewed her negatively. That injection of foreign cash was the main contributor to economic expansion, which was again troublesome for Australia's economy. Prominent members of Parliament who retired or were defeated at this election included: Gordon Campbell, Bernadette McAliskey, Enoch Powell, Richard Crossman, Tom Driberg and Patrick Gordon Walker. ", Howell, David, et al. The KGB Alpha Group surrounded his dacha with Spetsnaz, but for undisclosed reasons did not apprehend him. [51] In response, Yanayev declared a state of emergency in Moscow at 4 pm. [citation needed], At the time, the workers were not represented by trade unions. She toured the United States in 1975 and met President Gerald Ford,[99] visiting again in 1977, when she met President Jimmy Carter. , but for undisclosed reasons did not apprehend him [ 32 ] [ 19 ], 1994... Were Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to replace Topville, a Russian SFSR people 's deputy Since 1994, March! As Human Rights Day in South Africa some to be paralyzed received nuclear. State media 's evening news 23 August people 's deputy contributor to economic,! 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